Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
It is a non-polar molecule as there is no extra atom attached other than C and H. Here, the electron density between the carbon atoms is distributed equally through C-C single bond. Hence heptane s non-polar.
It is a polar molecule. This is due to the presence of highly electronegative element Br. The electron density is pulled by the bromide group, and hence the direction of overall polarity is shown by the arrow. Hence, it brings polarity to 2-bromooctane.
It is a non-polar molecule. Although the carbon skeleton contains substitution at 2- position, it is occupied by methyl group. Hence, it does not contribute to the polarity of the system, and as a result, 2-methylhexane is non-polar.
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