Design a scalding unit for slaughtered chickens to loosen their feathers before they are routed to feather-picking machines with a capacity of 1200 chickens per hour under the following conditions: The unit will be of an immersion type filled with hot water at an average temperature of 53°C at all times. Chicken with an average mass of 2.2 kg and an average temperature of 36°C will be dipped into the tank, held in the water for 1.5 min, and taken out by a slow-moving conveyor. The chicken is expected to leave the tank 15 percent heavier as a result of the water that sticks to its surface. The center-to-center distance between chickens in any direction will be at least 30 cm. The tank can be as wide as 3 m and as high as 60 cm. The water is to be circulated through and heated by a natural gas furnace, but the temperature rise of water will not exceed 5°C as it passes through the furnace. The water loss is to be made up by the city water at an average temperature of 16°C. The walls and the floor of the tank are well-insulated. The unit operates 24 h a day and 6 days a week. Assuming reasonable values for the average properties, recommend reasonable values for (a) the mass flow rate of the makeup water that must be supplied to the tank, (b) the rate of heat transfer from the water to the chicken, in kW, (c) the size of the heating system in kJ/h, and (d) the operating cost of the scalding unit per month for a unit cost of $1.12/therm of natural gas.
Energy transfer
The flow of energy from one region to another region is referred to as energy transfer. Since energy is quantitative; it must be transferred to a body or a material to work or to heat the system.
Molar Specific Heat
Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a chemical substance per the change in temperature of that substance. The change in heat is also called enthalpy. The SI unit of heat capacity is Joules per Kelvin, which is (J K-1)
Thermal Properties of Matter
Thermal energy is described as one of the form of heat energy which flows from one body of higher temperature to the other with the lower temperature when these two bodies are placed in contact to each other. Heat is described as the form of energy which is transferred between the two systems or in between the systems and their surrounding by the virtue of difference in temperature. Calorimetry is that branch of science which helps in measuring the changes which are taking place in the heat energy of a given body.
Design a scalding unit for slaughtered chickens to
loosen their feathers before they are routed to feather-picking
machines with a capacity of 1200 chickens per hour under
the following conditions:
The unit will be of an immersion type filled with hot
water at an average temperature of 53°C at all times.
Chicken with an average mass of 2.2 kg and an average
temperature of 36°C will be dipped into the tank, held in
the water for 1.5 min, and taken out by a slow-moving conveyor.
The chicken is expected to leave the tank 15 percent heavier as a result of the water that sticks to its surface. The
center-to-center distance between chickens in any direction
will be at least 30 cm. The tank can be as wide as 3 m and
as high as 60 cm. The water is to be circulated through and
heated by a natural gas furnace, but the temperature rise of
water will not exceed 5°C as it passes through the furnace.
The water loss is to be made up by the city water at an average
temperature of 16°C. The walls and the floor of the tank
are well-insulated. The unit operates 24 h a day and 6 days
a week. Assuming reasonable values for the average properties,
recommend reasonable values for (a) the mass flow
rate of the makeup water that must be supplied to the tank,
(b) the rate of
in kW, (c) the size of the heating system in kJ/h, and (d) the
operating cost of the scalding unit per month for a unit cost
of $1.12/therm of natural gas.
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