Describe the mechanism of action of eicosanoids. Give examples of eicosanoids used to treat bronchoconstriction and inflammatory cell infiltration of the bronchi.

Explain the progression of an acute asthma attack to silent asthma by describing how ventilation and clinical manifestations change.

How to treat the two types of COPD: Type A: Emphysema and Type B: Chronic Bronchitis?

Using the lung compliance relationships for different diseases presented in the figure. 1) Determine the lung volume (at end of expiration and at end of inspiration) for each condition, assuming that conditions have normal pulmonary pressures. 2) Assuming that intrapleural pressure at end of inspiration can be increased or decreased freely, what is the transpulmonary pressure required for each disease, to match the tidal volume of normal conditions. 3) Choose ONE of the diseases and list two physiological changes produced by that disease condition, and briefly explain them based on the changes in tidal volume resulting from the changes in lung compliance. Tidal volume, L 6 2 0 0 Emphysema 10 Asthma Normal 20 Pressure (cm H₂O) Cardiac disease Fibrosis Respiratory distress syndrome 30 Various pressures during breathing (mmHg) Breath volume (L) IN O ~ + 9 0.5 O Atmospheric pressure Alveolar pressure 1 Transpulmona pressure Intrapleural pressure Inspiration Expiration 4s Time Please show…

Explain the significance of cartilage and smooth muscle in the organisation of the wall of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and establish which of the three structures has the greatest significance when causing bronchoconstriction in an acute asthma attack.

Describe the differences between internal respiration and external respiration. explain how the parietal pressures influence the direction of gas exchange for both carbon dioxide and oxygen, using labeled diagrams of each to help in your description. make sure you include the structures involved (alveoli, capillaries, etc.) and the factors that affect gas exchange such as surface area, lung surfactant, etc. include a description of how emphysema affects this process.

Describe the airway of Emmett who is having an asthma attack. What would be the desired effect of treating this patient with medications such as beta2-agonists and corticosteroids?

Describe the normal anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the respiratory system and the control of respiration. Key words: Alveoli, gas exchange, chemoreceptors, control of respiration, pressure, autonomic nervous system (SNS, PNS).

1)  What effect does changes in compliance and resistance have the voumes and pressures delivered?  A) Increased compliance, decreased resistance B) Increased compliance, increased resistance C) Decreased compliance, increased resistance D) Decreased compliance, decreased resistance 2) Identify possible clinical situations/disorders that would imitate the changes in compliance and resistance as demonstrated on the lung simulator in a patient requiring manual ventilation. A) Normal compliance, normal resistance B) Increased compliance, decreased resistance C) Increased compliance, increased resistance D) Decreased compliance, increased resistance E) Decreased compliance, decreased resistance

Explain the postulated mechanisms involved in an (atopic) asthmatic attack. What are the clinical and histological manifestations of an asthmatic attack? What role does chronic inflammation play in perpetuating asthma?