a. Define how cardiac output is calculated, and what it can tell you about heart function and metion factors that influence cardiac output to maintain adequate perfusion? How is one-way flow through the heart achieved and What are the stages of the cardiac cycle and the changes in pressure that occur in thechambers?b)aDescribe the basics of blood flow through the cardiovascular system – through the heart,pulmonary and systemic circulations. A 32-year-old nurse asks a colleague to take her vitals, as she keeps having episodes of light-headedness, chest pain,and fast heart rate (tachycardia) during the shift, especially after frenetic events in the emergency room (ER) thatinvolve her moving around rapidly. By the end of the shift she would also have swelling in the ankles and feet. Hercolleague takes her vitals and notes that her blood pressure (BP) is low, and suggests that she get it checked. Her PCPdetermines her resting to be 100/58 mmHg. He also heard an additional heart sound when performing auscultationof the chest in the fourth to fifth intercostal space over the mitral valve. In her medical history, it was noted thatshe had a number of strep throat infections as an adolescent. She was referred to a cardiologist for full assessment.Complete cardiac examination involved an echocardiogram to visualize the heart valves, and ECG to check thetiming of the rhythm, and a chest x-ray. The chest x-rays showed an enlarged left atrium and left ventricle, andthere was also mild pulmonary congestion. The ECG analysis showed some atrial fibrillation. To fully assess theinternal damage and get the most accurate images of the heart, catheterization was used. The procedure is alsoconsidered the gold standard for acquiring the most accurate pressure measurements in the chambers of the heart,especially the left atrium and ventricle. Doppler echocardiography was used to determine the CO.NORMALCardiac output (CO)Blood pressure (BP)Left atrial pressure (LAP)Left ventricular pressure (LVP)3.4 l/min100/58 mm Hg25 mm Hg115/6 mmHg(4-8 l/min)(120/80 mmHg)(6–12 mmHg)The pressure gradient from the atria to the ventricle during diastole is greatly elevated on the left side (19 mmHgvs. 1-3 mmHg normally). The left atrial volume was also increased. The patient was put forward for surgery torepair the defect, and was prescribed a diuretic and antiarrhythmic in the interim period.

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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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a. Define how cardiac output is calculated, and what it can tell you about heart function and metion factors that influence cardiac output to maintain adequate perfusion? How is one-way flow through the heart achieved and What are the stages of the cardiac cycle and the changes in pressure that occur in the
chambers?

b)aDescribe the basics of blood flow through the cardiovascular system – through the heart,
pulmonary and systemic circulations.