Define exine and germ pores.
Pollen grains are produced from the anther of flowers. They contain male reproductive cells of the flowering plants. The male reproductive cells are sperm cells that fertilize the egg cells in the female part (pistil) of the flowering plants. Spore is a unit of the asexual or sexual reproduction of non-flowering plants. Spores are adapted for the dispersal and survival. Each pollen grain or spore has a shape and size specific to the plant, bacteria, or fungi from which it produced.
Exine is the decay resistant outer layer of the wall of spores and pollen grains. It is composed of sporopollenin, which is the most durable organic polymer. It is developed by the contribution of early microspore cytoplasm and inner cell wall layer of the anther (tapetum) that plays an important in the synthesis of sporopollenin and its deposition on the outer surface of pollen grain. The function of exine is to provide protection to the pollen grains and spores.
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