Define death in physiological terms. We know that when the human heart stops beating, it can be started again artificially. And the subject lives. If the heart does not restart, the O2 supply is cut off, the brain cells die, but what does lack of O2 cause? Include mechanisms.
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- Left Atrium Right Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle b) On the diagram of the heart above, use arrows to show the pathway of blood through the heart and its associated vessels. c) Use a blue colored pencil to shade in all regions of the heart that carry deoxygenated blood and a red colored pencil to shade in the regions that carry oxygenated blood. Conclusion:The air we breathe in travels to our lungs where oxygen is picked up by our blood and then pumped by the heart to our tissue and organs. When a person experiences cardiac arrest, the heart goes from a normal beat to having an irregular rhythm and eventually ceases to beat altogether. This prevents oxygen from circulating throughout the body, rapidly killing cells and tissue. In essence, Cardio (heart) Pulmonary (lung) Resuscitation (revive, revitalize) serves as an artificial heartbeat and an artificial respirator. CPR may not save the victim even when performed properly, but if started within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest, a person has a 40% chance of survival You see a man collapse on close assessment, you realize the man has no movement and is not breathing. Recommend the first Aid you would give to this casualty clearly stating the CPR procedure? A nose bleed is when blood flows from one or both nostrils. It’s normally caused by the tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils being…The production of red blood cells is regulated by a feedback loop involving erythropoietin. In non-disease states, the production of red blood cells is equal to the destruction of red blood cells, thus maintaining sufficient red blood cells to deliver adequate oxygen to the body's tissues. However, when the number of red blood cells decrease and oxygen levels are low, erythropoietin is produced by the liver and kidneys to increase the production of red blood cells. (i) Is this a positive or negative feedback loop and why? (ii) For the above feedback loop, what would be the: 1. signal detected by the sensor: 2. effector: 3. response: 4. final result:
- Some babies, called “blue babies,” are born with a small hole in the wall between their heart’s left and right ventricles. Why do you suppose they are called “blue”? (Hint: How might this hole affect the oxygen content of theblood being pumped out into the body’s general circulation by the baby’s heart?)The heart of a normally developing human fetus has a hole between the left and right atria. In some cases, this hole does not close completely before birth. If the hole weren’t surgically corrected, how would it affect the O2 content of the blood entering the systemic circuit?Which of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.
- The muscle cells of a heart chamber work as a functional syncytium. In terms of heart function this means... A) All the cardiac muscle cells are controlled by one motor neuron, resulting in coordinated contraction. B) All the cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by gap junctions, resulting in coordinated contraction. C) All the cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract by hormone release, resulting in near-coordinated contraction. D) All the cardiac muscle cells contract independently of each other (fibrillation).(i) A scene of a TV drama showed that a heart continues to beat when it was ripped from a brain-dead patient. Is that possible? Elaborate your answer.As a result of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms become activated and ultimately lead to further harmful consequences in the long term. Which of the following is NOT one such compensatory mechanism? O Baroreceptor-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system that leads to increased heart rate and contractility The activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that leads to increased blood pressure increased cardiac preload A reduction in both heart rate and blood pressure O Myocardial hypertrophy resulting in the thickening of the ventricular wall
- A general principle of physiology states that information flow between cells, tissues, and organs is an essential feature of homeostasis and allows for integration of physiological processes. How is this principle demonstrated by the relationship between the circulatory and endocrine systems?The cardiac cycle includes all the events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single complete heartbeat. Indicate if the following statements are True/False. During rapid filling, arterial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure.The pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…