Debt/Capital Ratio Amount D/E Bond Borrowed Ratio Rating 250 0.125 0.1429 AA 8.0% 500 0.250 0.3333 A 9.0 750 0.375 0.6000 BBB 11.5 1,000 0.500 1.0000 BB 14.0 TABLE IC 14.1 Income Statements and Ratios Firm U Firm L Total capital $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 Equity $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 Probability 025 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.25 Sales $ 6,000 $ 9,000 $12,000 $ 6,000 $ 9,000 $12,000 Operating costs 4,000 6,000 8,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 Earnings before $ 2,000 $ 3,000 $ 4,000 $ 2,000 $ 4,000 interest and taxes $ 3,000 Interest (12%) 1,200 1,200 Earnings before taxes $ 2,000 $ 3,000 $ 4,000 800 $ 2,800 Taxes (40%) 800 1,200 1,600 320 1,120 Net income $ 1,200 $ 1,800 $ 2400 $ 480 $ 1.680 ROIC 6.0% 9.0% 12.0% % ROE 6.0% 9.0% 12.0% 4,8% % 16.8% TIE 1.7x 3.3x Expected ROIC Expected ROE 9.0% 9.0% 10.8% Expected TIE 2,5x 00 2.1% GROE 2.1% 4.2% OTE 0.6x
Assume that you have just been hired as business manager of Campus
Deli (CD), which is located adjacent to the campus. Sales were $1,100,000 last year, variable costs were 60% of sales, and fixed costs were $40,000. Therefore, EBIT totaled $400,000. Because the university’s
enrollment is capped, EBIT is expected to be constant over time. Because no expansion capital is required, CD distributes all earnings as dividends. Invested capial is $2 million, and 80,000 shares are oulstanding. The management group owns about 50% of the stock, which is traded in the over-thecounter market.
CD currently has no debt—it is an all-equity firm—and its 80,000 shares outstanding sell at a price of $25 per share, which is also the book value. The firm's federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%. On the basis of statements made in your finance text, you believe that CD's shareholders would be better off if some debt financing were used. When you suggested this to your new boss, she encouraged you to pursue the idea but to provide support for the suggestion. In today’s market, the risk-free rate, ey, is 6%, and the market risk premium, RPy, is 6%. CD's unlevered beta, by, is 1.0. CD currently has no debt, so its
was recapitalized, debt would be issued and the borrowed funds would be used to repurchase stock. Stockholders, in turn, would use funds provided by the repurchase to buy equities in other fast-food companies similar to CD. You plan to complete your report by asking and then answering the following questions.
a. 1. What is business risk? What factors influence a firm’s business risk?
2. What is operating leverage, and how does it affect a firm’s business risk?
3. What is the firm's return on invested capital (ROIC)?
b. 1. What do the terms financial leverage and financial risk mean?
2. How does financial risk differ from business risk?
c. To develop an example that can be presented to CD’s management as an illustration, consider two hypothetical firms: Firm U with zero debt financing and Firm L with $10,000 of 12% debt. Both firms have $20,000 in invested capital and a 40% federal-plus-state tax rate, and they have the following EBIT probability distribution for next year:
Probability EBIT
025 52000
050 3,000
025 4,000
1. Complete the partial income statements and the firms’ ratios in Table IC 14.1.
2. Be prepared to discuss each entry in the table and to explain how this example illustrates the effect of financial leverage on expected
d. After speaking with a local investment banker, you obtain the following estimates of the cost of debt at different debt levels (in thousands of dollars):
Now consider the optimal capital structure for CD.
1. To begin, define the terms optimal capital structure and target capilal structure.
2. Why does CD's bond rating and cost of debt depend on the amount of money borrowed?
3. Assume that shares could be repurchased at the current market price of $25 per share. Calculate CD’'s expected EPS and TIE at debt levels of $0, $250,000, $500,000, $750,000, and $1,000,000. How ‘many shares would remain after recapitalization under each scenario?
4. Using the Hamada equation, what s the cost of equity if CD recapitalizes with $250,000 of debt?
$500,0007 $750,0002 $1,000,0002
5. Considering only the levels of debt discussed, what is the capital structure that minimizes CD's WACC?
6. What would be the new stock price if CD recapitalizes with $250,000 of debt? $500,0007 $750,0007 $1,000,000? Recall that the payout ratio is 100%, so g = 0.
7. Is EPS maximized at the debt level that maximizes share price? Why or why not?
8. Considering only the levels of debt discussed, what is CD's optimal capital structure?
9. What s the WACC at the optimal capital structure?
e. Suppose you discovered that CD had more business risk than you originally estimated. Describe how this would affect the analysis. How would the analysis be affected if the firm had less business risk
than originally estimated?
f. What are some factors a manager should consider when establishing his or her firm’s target capital structure?
g. Put labels on Figure IC 14.1 and then discuss the graph as you might use it to explain to your boss why CD might want to use some debt.
h.How does the existence of asymmetric information and signaling affect capital structure?
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