D. Label (*) next to each chiral carbon in the molecules below. And indicate which carbon atom is chiral in each of the structures below EXAMPLE: Br a) 2-bromobutane Carbon-2 is chiral b) 1-bromobutane Br Br c) 1,2-dibromobutane Br Br d) 1,3-dibromobutane Br

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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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# Identifying Chiral Carbons in Organic Molecules

## Exercise: Chiral Carbon Identification

### Instructions:
The task is to label (*) next to each chiral carbon in the given molecules and specify which carbon atom is chiral in each structure.

---

### Example:

#### a) 2-bromobutane
- **Structure**: The structure is a four-carbon chain with a bromine atom attached to the second carbon. 
- **Chiral Carbon**: Carbon-2 (*)
  ```
     Br
      |
    *—C—C—C
      |
  ```
- **Note**: In this example, Carbon-2 is identified as the chiral center.

### Exercises:

#### b) 1-bromobutane
- **Structure**: Straight chain of four carbons with a bromine atom attached to the first carbon.
- **Chiral Carbon**: None of the carbon atoms are chiral in this molecule, as a chiral carbon requires four different groups attached to it.

#### c) 1,2-dibromobutane
- **Structure**: Four-carbon chain with bromine atoms attached to the first and second carbons.
- **Chiral Carbon**: The second carbon is chiral.
  ```
     Br
      |
    *—C—C—C
      |
      Br
  ```

#### d) 1,3-dibromobutane
- **Structure**: Four-carbon chain with bromine atoms on the first and third carbons.
- **Chiral Carbon**: The second and third carbons are chiral.
  ```
     Br
      |
    C—*C—C
      |
      Br
  ```

#### e) 1,4-dibromobutane
- **Structure**: Straight chain of four carbons with bromine atoms on the first and fourth carbons.
- **Chiral Carbon**: None in this molecule, as it does not have a carbon atom bonded to four distinct groups.

#### f) 2,3-dibromobutane
- **Structure**: A four-carbon chain with bromine atoms attached to the second and third carbons.
- **Chiral Carbon**: The second and third carbons are chiral.
  ```
     Br
      |
    *—C—*C
      |
      Br
  ```

### Summary:
Chirality in a carbon atom
Transcribed Image Text:# Identifying Chiral Carbons in Organic Molecules ## Exercise: Chiral Carbon Identification ### Instructions: The task is to label (*) next to each chiral carbon in the given molecules and specify which carbon atom is chiral in each structure. --- ### Example: #### a) 2-bromobutane - **Structure**: The structure is a four-carbon chain with a bromine atom attached to the second carbon. - **Chiral Carbon**: Carbon-2 (*) ``` Br | *—C—C—C | ``` - **Note**: In this example, Carbon-2 is identified as the chiral center. ### Exercises: #### b) 1-bromobutane - **Structure**: Straight chain of four carbons with a bromine atom attached to the first carbon. - **Chiral Carbon**: None of the carbon atoms are chiral in this molecule, as a chiral carbon requires four different groups attached to it. #### c) 1,2-dibromobutane - **Structure**: Four-carbon chain with bromine atoms attached to the first and second carbons. - **Chiral Carbon**: The second carbon is chiral. ``` Br | *—C—C—C | Br ``` #### d) 1,3-dibromobutane - **Structure**: Four-carbon chain with bromine atoms on the first and third carbons. - **Chiral Carbon**: The second and third carbons are chiral. ``` Br | C—*C—C | Br ``` #### e) 1,4-dibromobutane - **Structure**: Straight chain of four carbons with bromine atoms on the first and fourth carbons. - **Chiral Carbon**: None in this molecule, as it does not have a carbon atom bonded to four distinct groups. #### f) 2,3-dibromobutane - **Structure**: A four-carbon chain with bromine atoms attached to the second and third carbons. - **Chiral Carbon**: The second and third carbons are chiral. ``` Br | *—C—*C | Br ``` ### Summary: Chirality in a carbon atom
### Amino Acids and Vitamins

#### g) Alanine (2-aminopropanoic acid)

**Chemical Structure:**
- Alanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula C₃H₇NO₂.
- The structure shows a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH₂), and a methyl group (CH₃).
- It is one of the 20 standard amino acids used in protein biosynthesis.

**Diagram Explanation:**
- The diagram represents the molecular structure of Alanine.
- The central carbon atom is connected to four different groups: a carboxyl group drawn on the right, an amino group at the bottom, a hydrogen atom, and a methyl group on the left.

#### h) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

**Chemical Structure:**
- Vitamin C, also known as Ascorbic acid, has the chemical formula C₆H₈O₆.
- It is well-known for its antioxidant properties and its role in collagen synthesis.

**Diagram Explanation:**
- The diagram shows the cyclic structure of Ascorbic acid.
- The structure includes a lactone ring and multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups, signifying its solubility and reactivity.

These diagrams and descriptions illustrate fundamental biochemical compounds essential for various biological functions.
Transcribed Image Text:### Amino Acids and Vitamins #### g) Alanine (2-aminopropanoic acid) **Chemical Structure:** - Alanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula C₃H₇NO₂. - The structure shows a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH₂), and a methyl group (CH₃). - It is one of the 20 standard amino acids used in protein biosynthesis. **Diagram Explanation:** - The diagram represents the molecular structure of Alanine. - The central carbon atom is connected to four different groups: a carboxyl group drawn on the right, an amino group at the bottom, a hydrogen atom, and a methyl group on the left. #### h) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) **Chemical Structure:** - Vitamin C, also known as Ascorbic acid, has the chemical formula C₆H₈O₆. - It is well-known for its antioxidant properties and its role in collagen synthesis. **Diagram Explanation:** - The diagram shows the cyclic structure of Ascorbic acid. - The structure includes a lactone ring and multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups, signifying its solubility and reactivity. These diagrams and descriptions illustrate fundamental biochemical compounds essential for various biological functions.
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