Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![Base your answer to this question on the information below and your knowledge of chemistry. -
Show all work where appropriate.
Cold packs are used to treat minor injuries. Some cold packs contain NH&NO3(s) and a small packet of water at room
temperature before activation. To activate this type of cold pack, the small packet must be broken to mix the water
and NH,NO:(s). The temperature of this mixture decreases to approximately 2°C and remains at this temperature for
10 to 15 minutes.
9. Identify the type of mixture formed when the NH,NO3(s) is completely dissolved in the water.
10. Identify both types of bonds in the NH&NO3(s).
11. Determine the two oxidation states of N present in NH&NO3 (s)
Hint: Separate into two different polyatomic ions.
12. State the direction of heat flow that occurs when the activated cold pack is applied to the body.
Direction of Heat Flow](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fe3e2759e-7875-4206-9c94-eb84e9608fb1%2F91342564-15a9-47fb-a3c6-7eda2f4d0e41%2F5v35lc7_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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