**Running Program with Substitutions**This table presents the results of running a program with various string substitutions. It compares the actual program output to the expected outcome.| Status | Input ("a") | Actual Output | Expected Output ||--------|-------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|| fail | "remind" | cstr->bubbleremind *** stack smashing detected ***: terminated | cstr->bubbleremind || fail | "trust" | cstr->bubbletrust *** stack smashing detected ***: terminated | cstr->bubbletrust || pass | "wait" | cstr->bubblewait | cstr->bubblewait |**Summary:**- **Fail Cases:** When the input "a" is "remind" or "trust," the program outputs the expected string but also detects a "stack smashing" issue, leading to termination.- **Pass Case:** For the input "wait," the program performs as expected without issues. These results highlight potential vulnerabilities in handling specific inputs, marked by "stack smashing," which need to be addressed for improved program stability. ## Code Problem: String Concatenation in C++ The following code snippet is intended to concatenate two strings in C++ but doesn't always work correctly. Identify and resolve the issue to ensure proper functionality.### Source Code: `cstrings.cpp````cpp#include #include using namespace std;int main(){ const int MAX = 10; char cstr[MAX] = "bubble"; const char* a = "talent"; strcat(cstr, a); cout << "cstr->" << cstr << endl;}```### Analysis- **Explanation of the Code Issues**: - The `char cstr[MAX] = "bubble";` initializes a character array with the string "bubble". However, `cstr` is not large enough to hold the concatenated result of "bubble" and "talent", which requires at least 13 characters (including the null terminator). - Using `strcat(cstr, a);` assumes sufficient space in `cstr` for concatenation, leading to undefined behavior since the maximum size for `cstr` is only 10.### Solution- **Fix the Concatenation Issue**: Increase the size of `cstr` to accommodate additional characters.### Corrected Code```cpp#include #include using namespace std;int main(){ const int MAX = 20; // Increased size to fit "bubble" + "talent" + null terminator char cstr[MAX] = "bubble"; const char* a = "talent"; strcat(cstr, a); cout << "cstr->" << cstr << endl;}```### Explanation- **Modified Code**: - The size of `cstr` is increased to ensure it can hold the concatenated string "bubbletalent", including the null terminator. - **Expected Output**: - The program will now correctly output: `cstr->bubbletalent`.### Learning PointThis exercise highlights the importance of ensuring adequate array size when working with C-style strings to avoid buffer overflow and ensure reliable program execution.

Here we have set the length of character array to 10 We are getting the above error because after concatenation, the length of string(character array) is becoming greater than 10. So the error can be removed by changing array length to 100. i.e change const int MAX=10 to const int MAX=100;

Engineering

Computer Engineering

cstrings.cpp #include #include using namespace std; 1 3 4 int main() { const int MAX = 10; char cstr[MAX] = "bubble"; const char* a = "talent"; 7 8 9 10 strcat(cstr, a); 11 cout « "cstr->" « cstr <« endl; } 12

cstrings.cpp #include #include using namespace std; 1 3 4 int main() { const int MAX = 10; char cstr[MAX] = "bubble"; const char* a = "talent"; 7 8 9 10 strcat(cstr, a); 11 cout « "cstr->" « cstr <« endl; } 12

Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (7th Edition)

7th Edition

ISBN:9780133594140

Author:James Kurose, Keith Ross

Publisher:James Kurose, Keith Ross

Chapter1: Computer Networks And The Internet

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem R1RQ: What is the difference between a host and an end system? List several different types of end...

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