Considering the unshared pairs of electrons on the central oxygen atom, what is the bond angle, hybrid orbitals, and name of the compound below? H H ++ C H H H H
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Organic compounds are compounds containing C and H atoms. In addition to carbon and hydrogen atoms, some other elements such as halogens, chalcogens, pnicogens, etc. are also present in some compounds. An atom or a group of atoms present in an organic compound other than C and H are called functional groups. These functional groups can affect the chemical physical properties of compounds. All the compounds with the same functional group will have similar chemical properties or reactivity.
To name an organic compound unambiguously, IUPAC provides a set of rules. According to IUPAC, each name consists of three parts. They are root, prefix, and suffix. The root represents the number of carbon atoms in the parent chain. The prefix represents the substituents present on the parent chain. The suffix represents the functional groups and whether the organic compound is alkane, alkene, or alkyne.
The bonding, shape, and bond angles of an organic compound can be explained using hybridization. Hybridization refers to the mixing of atomic orbitals of similar energy and shape to create orbitals of identical energy and shape. Such newly formed orbitals are called hybridized orbitals. From the hybridization, we can predict the geometry, bond angles, etc.
Bond angles represent the angle between two bonds connected through a common atom (central atom). The bond angle also depends on the electronic interactions of the central atom. Thus, the value may be slightly different from the value predicted using hybridization.
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