Considering the above information, which of these chemical reactions would AGbe approximately equal to AH? Choose one or more: Br + Br Br OCH3 + HOCH3+ Br LOTS + CN CN + TsO HCI
Considering the above information, which of these chemical reactions would AGbe approximately equal to AH? Choose one or more: Br + Br Br OCH3 + HOCH3+ Br LOTS + CN CN + TsO HCI
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
Related questions
Question
Changing the temperature of a reaction system can sometimes influence which type of reaction occurs, leading to different products at higher reaction temperatures than at lower. One of the most important variables in determining whether a reaction pathway will be influenced by temperature is the entropy change of the system. In many organic reactions, the entropy change of the reaction is close to zero, meaning that the TΔS term becomes negligible in the Gibbs free energy expression (ΔG = ΔH – TΔS). In these cases, ΔG is approximately equal to ΔH.
![**Title: Understanding Chemical Reactions and Thermodynamics**
**Content:**
**Question:**
Considering the above information, which of these chemical reactions would ΔG be approximately equal to ΔH?
**Options:**
Choose one or more:
1. **Reaction 1:**
- Reactants:
- A bromobenzene derivative (\[\ce{Br}\])
- Iodide ion (\[\ce{I-}\])
- Products:
- An iodobenzene derivative
- Bromide ion (\[\ce{Br-}\])
2. **Reaction 2:**
- Reactants:
- A bromobenzene derivative (\[\ce{Br}\])
- Methoxy ion (\[\ce{OCH3-}\])
- Products:
- An anisole derivative
- Methanol (\[\ce{HOCH3}\])
- Bromide ion (\[\ce{Br-}\])
3. **Reaction 3:**
- Reactants:
- A tosylate compound (\[\ce{OTs}\])
- Cyanide ion (\[\ce{CN-}\])
- Products:
- A nitrile derivative
- Cyanide ion (\[\ce{CN}\])
- Tosylate ion (\[\ce{TsO-}\])
4. **Reaction 4:**
- Reactants:
- An alkene
- Hydrochloric acid (\[\ce{HCl}\])
- Products:
- An alkyl chloride
**Explanation:**
In thermodynamic terms, ΔG (Gibbs free energy change) and ΔH (enthalpy change) represent different concepts. ΔG measures the maximum reversible work performed by a thermodynamic system, while ΔH measures the heat exchanged at constant pressure.
Considerations for ΔG ≈ ΔH:
- When a reaction involves minimal changes in entropy (\[ΔS ≈ 0\]), ΔG and ΔH become approximately equal since ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
Use these principles to determine which reactions fit the criterion ΔG ≈ ΔH.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fdf4db428-d5df-4d84-b597-f57a698d64c2%2F4c209f8c-c0eb-4631-9ccd-3615149a816d%2Fxv1szwh_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Understanding Chemical Reactions and Thermodynamics**
**Content:**
**Question:**
Considering the above information, which of these chemical reactions would ΔG be approximately equal to ΔH?
**Options:**
Choose one or more:
1. **Reaction 1:**
- Reactants:
- A bromobenzene derivative (\[\ce{Br}\])
- Iodide ion (\[\ce{I-}\])
- Products:
- An iodobenzene derivative
- Bromide ion (\[\ce{Br-}\])
2. **Reaction 2:**
- Reactants:
- A bromobenzene derivative (\[\ce{Br}\])
- Methoxy ion (\[\ce{OCH3-}\])
- Products:
- An anisole derivative
- Methanol (\[\ce{HOCH3}\])
- Bromide ion (\[\ce{Br-}\])
3. **Reaction 3:**
- Reactants:
- A tosylate compound (\[\ce{OTs}\])
- Cyanide ion (\[\ce{CN-}\])
- Products:
- A nitrile derivative
- Cyanide ion (\[\ce{CN}\])
- Tosylate ion (\[\ce{TsO-}\])
4. **Reaction 4:**
- Reactants:
- An alkene
- Hydrochloric acid (\[\ce{HCl}\])
- Products:
- An alkyl chloride
**Explanation:**
In thermodynamic terms, ΔG (Gibbs free energy change) and ΔH (enthalpy change) represent different concepts. ΔG measures the maximum reversible work performed by a thermodynamic system, while ΔH measures the heat exchanged at constant pressure.
Considerations for ΔG ≈ ΔH:
- When a reaction involves minimal changes in entropy (\[ΔS ≈ 0\]), ΔG and ΔH become approximately equal since ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
Use these principles to determine which reactions fit the criterion ΔG ≈ ΔH.
Expert Solution
This question has been solved!
Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.
This is a popular solution!
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
Recommended textbooks for you
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305957404
Author:
Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781259911156
Author:
Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305577213
Author:
Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305957404
Author:
Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781259911156
Author:
Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305577213
Author:
Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:
9780078021558
Author:
Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781305079373
Author:
William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind…
Chemistry
ISBN:
9781118431221
Author:
Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard
Publisher:
WILEY