1 The Nature Of Chemistry 2 Chemical Compounds 3 Chemical Reactions 4 Energy And Chemical Reactions 5 Electron Configurations And The Periodic Table 6 Covalent Bonding 7 Molecular Structures 8 Properties Of Gases 9 Liquids, Solids, And Materials 10 Fuels, Organic Chemicals, And Polymers 11 Chemical Kinetics: Rates Of Reactions 12 Chemical Equilibrium 13 The Chemistry Of Solutes And Solutions 14 Acids And Bases 15 Additional Aqueous Equilibria 16 Thermodynamics: Directionality Of Chemical Reactions 17 Electrochemistry And Its Applications 18 Nuclear Chemistry 19 The Chemistry Of The Main-group Elements 20 Chemistry Of Selected Transition Elements And Coordination Compounds Chapter16: Thermodynamics: Directionality Of Chemical Reactions
16.1 Reactant-favored And Product-favored Processes 16.2 Chemical Reactions And Dispersal Of Energy 16.3 Measuring Dispersal Of Energy: Entropy 16.4 Calculating Entropy Changes 16.5 Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 16.6 Gibbs Free Energy 16.7 Gibbs Free Energy Changes And Equilibrium Constants 16.8 Gibbs Free Energy, Maximum Work, And Energy Resources 16.9 Gibbs Free Energy And Biological Systems 16.10 Conservation Of Gibbs Free Energy 16.11 Thermodynamic And Kinetic Stability Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1QRT: Define the terms product-favored System and reactant-favored System. Give one example of each. Problem 2QRT: What are the two ways that a final chemical state of a system can be more probable than its initial... Problem 3QRT: Define the term entropy, and give an example of a sample of matter that has zero entropy. What are... Problem 4QRT Problem 5QRT Problem 6QRT Problem 7QRT Problem 8QRT Problem 9QRT Problem 10QRT Problem 11QRT Problem 12QRT Problem 13QRT Problem 14QRT Problem 15QRT Problem 16QRT Problem 17QRT Problem 18QRT: Suppose you have four identical molecules labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Draw 16 simple two-flask diagrams... Problem 19QRT: For each process, tell whether the entropy change of the system is positive or negative.
Water vapor... Problem 20QRT Problem 21QRT: For each situation described in Question 13, predict whether the entropy of the system increases or... Problem 22QRT Problem 23QRT Problem 24QRT Problem 25QRT Problem 26QRT Problem 27QRT Problem 28QRT Problem 29QRT Problem 30QRT Problem 31QRT Problem 32QRT: Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, was once used as an anesthetic. Calculate the entropy change, rS, for the... Problem 33QRT: Calculate rS for each substance when the quantity of thermal energy indicated is transferred... Problem 34QRT Problem 35QRT Problem 36QRT: Check your predictions in Question 28 by calculating the entropy change for each reaction. Standard... Problem 37QRT Problem 38QRT Problem 39QRT Problem 40QRT Problem 41QRT Problem 42QRT Problem 43QRT Problem 44QRT Problem 45QRT Problem 46QRT Problem 47QRT: Hydrogen bums in air with considerable heat transfer to the surroundings. Consider the decomposition... Problem 48QRT Problem 49QRT Problem 50QRT Problem 51QRT Problem 52QRT: The reaction of magnesium with water can be used as a means for heating food. Mg(s) + 2... Problem 53QRT Problem 54QRT Problem 55QRT Problem 56QRT Problem 57QRT Problem 58QRT Problem 59QRT Problem 60QRT Problem 61QRT Problem 62QRT: Estimate ΔrG° at 2000. K for each reaction in Question 60.
Problem 63QRT Problem 64QRT: Some metal oxides, such as lead(II) oxide, can be decomposed to the metal and oxygen simply by... Problem 65QRT Problem 66QRT Problem 67QRT: Use data from Appendix J to obtain the equilibrium constant KP for each reaction at 298.15 K. (a)... Problem 68QRT Problem 69QRT Problem 70QRT: Use the data in Appendix J to calculate rG andKPat 25 C for the reaction 2HBr(g)+Cl2(g)2HCl(g)+Br2()... Problem 71QRT Problem 72QRT Problem 73QRT Problem 74QRT Problem 75QRT Problem 76QRT Problem 77QRT Problem 78QRT Problem 79QRT Problem 82QRT: The molecular structure shown is of one form of glucose, C6H12O6 Glucose can be oxidized to carbon... Problem 83QRT: Another step in the metabolism of glucose, which occurs after the formation of glucose6-phosphate,... Problem 84QRT: In muscle cells under the condition of vigorous exercise, glucose is converted to lactic acid... Problem 85QRT: The biological oxidation of ethanol, C2H5OH, is also a source of Gibbs free energy. (a) Does the... Problem 86QRT Problem 87QRT: For one day, keep a log of all the activities you undertake that consume Gibbs free energy.... Problem 88QRT: Billions of pounds of acetic acid are made each year, much of it by the reaction of methanol with... Problem 89QRT: Determine the standard Gibbs free energy change, rG, for the reactions of liquid methanol, of CO(g),... Problem 90QRT: There are millions of organic compounds known, and new ones are being discovered or made at a rate... Problem 91QRT: Actually, the carbon in CO2(g) is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the carbon in calcium... Problem 92QRT: The standard molar entropy of methanol vapor, CH3OH(g), is 239.8 J K1 mol-1. (a) Calculate the... Problem 93QRT: The standard molar entropy of iodine vapor, I2(g), is 260.7 J Kl mol-1 and the standard molar... Problem 94QRT Problem 96QRT Problem 97QRT Problem 98QRT Problem 99QRT Problem 100QRT Problem 101QRT: Appendix J lists standard molar entropies S, not standard entropies of formation rS. Why is this... Problem 102QRT: When calculating rSfromSvalues, it is necessary to look up all substances, including elements in... Problem 103QRT Problem 104QRT: Explain how the entropy of the universe increases when an aluminum metal can is made from aluminum... Problem 105QRT Problem 106QRT Problem 107QRT Problem 108QRT Problem 109QRT Problem 110QRT: Reword the statement in Question 109 so that it is always true. Criticize this statement: Provided... Problem 111QRT Problem 112QRT Problem 113QRT Problem 114QRT Problem 115QRT Problem 116QRT Problem 117QRT: From data in Appendix J, estimate (a) the boiling point of titanium(IV) chloride. (b) the boiling... Problem 118QRT Problem 119QRT Problem 120QRT Problem 121QRT Problem 122QRT Problem 123QRT Problem 124QRT Problem 125QRT Problem 126QRT Problem 127QRT: The standard equilibrium constant is 2.1109for this reaction at 25 C Zn2+(aq)+4NH3(aq)Zn(NH3)42+(aq)... Problem 16.ACP Problem 16.CCP Problem 16.DCP Problem 16.ECP: Consider planet Earth as a thermodynamic system. Is Earth thermodynamically or kinetically stable?... Problem 91QRT: Actually, the carbon in CO2(g) is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the carbon in calcium...
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Calculate the standard change in Gibbs free energy, Δ?∘rxnΔGrxn∘ , for the given reaction at 25.0 ∘C25.0 ∘C . Consult the table of thermodynamic properties for standard Gibbs free energy of formation values.
NH4Cl(s)↽−−⇀NH+4(aq)+Cl−(aq)
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
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