**Hop-by-hop congestion control**We learned about end-to-end and network-assisted congestion control. A third type of congestion control (mostly deployed only in internal data-center networks) is hop-by-hop congestion control. In this approach, a downstream router/host explicitly informs the previous hop upstream router/host about the amount of free buffer space it has available, and the upstream router will only forward a packet when it knows the downstream router has buffer space.Consider the three-hop scenario shown below, where the first and third links have capacity R, and the link between the routers has capacity R/2. With hop-by-hop congestion control, will the sender need to retransmit due to buffer overflow?**Diagram Explanation:**1. **Host A and Host B** - These hosts represent the sender and receiver in the network.2. **Links with Capacity** - The first and third links have capacity R, while the middle link has capacity R/2.3. **Buffer Space** - There are buffers indicated at various points along the path to monitor and manage congestion.4. **Data Flow** - - \( \lambda_{in} \) represents the original data rate entering the network. - \( \lambda^{'}_{in} \) represents the original data rate plus retransmitted data. - \( \lambda_{out} \) represents the data rate exiting the network.5. **Arrows and Colors** - Red lines represent the flow of original data, while other specific colors and arrows illustrate the buffering and potential congestion points along the link path.**Question:**With hop-by-hop congestion control, will the sender need to retransmit due to buffer overflow?- [ ] Yes- [ ] No

in hop-by-hop congnetion control just because of buffer overflow the sender does not perform the…

Consider the three-hop scenario shown below, where the first and third links have capacity R, and the link between the routers has capacity R/2. With hop-by-hop congestion control, will the sender need to retransmit due to buffer overflow? Host A -in: original data

Consider the three-hop scenario shown below, where the first and third links have capacity R, and the link between the routers has capacity R/2. With hop-by-hop congestion control, will the sender need to retransmit due to buffer overflow? Host A -in: original data

Database System Concepts

7th Edition

ISBN:9780078022159

Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1PE

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In TCP connection, congestion occurs if the load on the network is greater than the capacity of the network. TCP uses the following algorithm to handle congestion. The algorithm is based on the size of the congestion window (cwnd) which starts with one maximum segment size (MSS). The MSS is determined during connection establishment. At each time the whole window of segments is acknowledged (one transmission), the size of the window grows exponentially. To stop this exponential growth, the sender keeps the track of a threshold. The threshold is set to 16 MSS. After reaching the threshold, the size of the congestion window is increased by 1. After how many transmissions the congestion window size will be 22 MSS?
For NAT Network Address Translation Scenario: Jenny Bello is a small business owner selling and making customized computer peripherals. She has been finding it difficult to track her sales and inventories, however recently after an expert's advice, she adopted a Point of Sale (PoS) server. So, she can now track her sales and inventories at the store. However, she ran into another issue, the server can only be accessed within the store, because it has been assigned a private IPv4 address, it is not publicly accessible via the Internet. a) Why is not having the PoS server accessible over the Internet a problem for the business? b) What caused this problem? c) Propose a solution for the problem and explain how the solution works.
7.1 In IEEE 802.11, open system authentication is accomplished via a simple two-way communication. The client requests authentication, which includes the station ID, which is provided by the server (typically the MAC address). A successful or unsuccessful authentication response from the AP/router is received in response to the previous request from the client. For instance, if the client's MAC address has been expressly omitted from the AP/router setup, a failure may occur.a. What are the advantages of using this kind of authentication scheme?b. What are the security flaws in this authentication method and how may they be mitigated?
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Computer Networks - Internet Architecture & Application Layer
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Consider a datagram network using 32-bit host addresses. Suppose a router has four links, numbered 0 through 3, and packets are to be forwarded to the link interfaces as follows: Destination Address Range Link Interface 11100000 00000000 00000000 00000000 through 11100000 00111111 1111111 11111111 11100000 01000000 00000000 00000000 through 11100000 01000000 1111111111111111 11100000 01000001 00000000 00000000 through 11100001 01111111 11111111 11111111 otherwise 0 1 2 3 a. Provide a forwarding table that has five entries, uses longest prefix matching, and forwards packets to the correct link interfaces.