Consider the case of two kids, Sam and Peter, riding a train and playing catch in an empty car. The train is moving to the right at 10 m/s. The kids can throw the ball at a speed of 5 m/s. The side of the car is transparent and a poodle named Max can see the boys playing inside. What is the speed and direction of Sam’s throw to Peter, according to Max? Explain.

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Speed of light

The speed at which the light travels in a vacuum is unbiased for both the source and inertial frame of reference of the observer. This was postulated by the physicist, Albert Einstein, by observing the theory of electromagnetism of Maxwell. Also, there was no evidence for the luminiferous aether, that is, the medium for the propagation of light where the electromagnetic field exists.