Consider a microprocessor that has a block I/O transfer instruction such as that found on the Z8000. Following its first execution, such an instruction takes five clock cycles to re-execute. However, if we employ a nonblocking I/O instruction, it takes a total of 20 clock cycles for fetching and execution. Calculate the increase in speed with the block I/O instruction when transferring blocks of 128 bytes.

A computer with a 32-bit 3.5 gigahertz scalar non- pipelined CPU needs to invert the colors of a 150 KB bitmap image file located in the RAM. To do this, each bit of the image must be complemented (Os are converted to 1s and vice-versa). Assume every instruction undergoes the following stages and each stage uses one CPU clock cycle: • Fetch • Decode • Read from memory • Execute • Write to memory Instructions: For this assignment, you must calculate how much time the computer will need to invert the image with a single-core and a dual core CPU. Show and explain your calculations and assumptions in a short paper and answer the following questions: • Will there be any parallel slowdown? Why or why not? Length: 2-3 page explanatory paper

Registers in RISC-V are 64-bit.  For the sake of simplicity, consider the following instructions operating on 32-bit registers.  Assume that registers x5 and x6 hold the values 0xBBBBBBBB and 0x00000000, respectively. What is the value in x6 for the followingslli x6, x5, 6 Using the result from the part above, what is the value in x6 for the following instruction.            srli x6, x6, 6

Suppose you have a RISC machine with a 2 GHz clock (e, the clock ticks 2 billion times per second). This particular computer uses an instruction cache, a data cache, an operand fetch unit, and an operand store unit. The instruction set includes simple instructions with the following timings: SET reg, inned; 2 clock cycles LOAD reg. ; 3 clock cycles ADD reg, reg ; 2 clock cycles ADD reg, inned; 1 clock cycles LOOP LabelName; 2 clock cycles Assume that the following code fragment is used to sum the element of a numeric array. initialize sum SET regi, SET reg2, MAX SIZE SET reg), glist ProcessArray: initialize loop counter initialize array pointer LOAD reg4, [reg] regi, reg reg), 4 ADD ADO LOOP ProcessArray fetch current List element podd current List element move array pointer to next element pouto-decrement reg2, jump to more if reg20 If the initialization code has already executed (i.e. the SET instructions have already finished execution) how many array elements can be processed in…