Consider a composite shaft of steel and aluminium having length L and fixed at one of the ends as shown in figure. Steel O Al 1.5 d t The hollow shaft of steel has outer diameter as 1.5 d and inner diameter as d, while the solid shaft of aluminium has the diameter as d. If the composite shaft is subjected to torque, T then the torque resisted by steel shaft is % (rounded off to one decimal place) of the applied torque. Assume modulus of rigidity of aluminium is one third of modulus of rigidity of steel. [Take G₁ = 3 GAL]

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Design criteria for structural loading

The different loads such as loads due to self-weight (dead load) and external loads such as live load, wind loads, seismic load, snow load, and other loads and load combinations that influence the design of a building are called structural loading. The nature of the applied load differs from changes in the location, design, and type of materials used. The design criteria require that structures must be designed and constructed to be able to withstand all load types that are expected to act upon the structure and render its usage for the designated purpose. The structural members such as beams, slabs, columns, and foundations help the structure to withstand the applied load. There are different institutes such as ASCE and ACI that provide building design codes to assure minimum safety requirements and quality of the structures.