Consider a communication network with four nodes n1, n2, n3 and n4 and five directed links l1 = (n1, n2), l2 = (n1, n3), l3 = (n2, n3), l4 = (n3, n2), l5 = (n2, n4) and l6 = (n3, n4). A message has to be sent from the source node n1 to the destination node n4. The network is unreliable. The probability that the link li is functioning is pi for i = 1, . . . , 5. The links behave physically independent of each other. A path from node n1 to node n4 is only functioning if each of its links is functioning. Use the inclusion-exclusion formula to find the probability that there is some functioning path from node n1 to node n4. How does the expression for this probability simplify when pi = p for all i?

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Types Of Protocols

A network protocol is a collection of rules that governs the exchange of data between devices connected to the same network. In other words, network protocols are rules that specify how devices communicate or transfer data over a network. The sender and receiver systems must obey the standards to facilitate communication between them.