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CN NH3 OH OMe H SOCI₂ i. MeMgBr ii. H3O+ OH NaOH

CN NH3 OH OMe H SOCI₂ i. MeMgBr ii. H3O+ OH NaOH

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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predict the stating materials, reagents or productions of the reactions.

This image contains a series of chemical reactions and transformations commonly studied in organic chemistry. ### Reaction Sequence Description: 1. **Starting Material:** - The sequence begins with benzonitrile (C₆H₅CN). 2. **Reaction 1:** - Benzonitrile is converted to benzoic acid using a hydrolysis reaction (typically performed with acid or base and water). 3. **Reaction 2:** - Benzoic acid is reacted with thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) to form benzoyl chloride. 4. **Reaction 3:** - Benzoyl chloride reacts with methanol to produce methyl benzoate through an esterification reaction. 5. **Reaction 4:** - Methyl benzoate undergoes ammonolysis with ammonia (NH₃) to form benzamide. 6. **Reaction 5:** - Benzoic acid is treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form the sodium salt of benzoic acid. 7. **Reaction 6:** - Benzamide is converted back to an aldehyde (benzaldehyde) through reduction or selective reaction. 8. **Reaction 7:** - Benzaldehyde undergoes a Grignard reaction. It is treated with methylmagnesium bromide (MeMgBr) followed by hydrolysis (H₃O⁺) to produce a secondary alcohol. ### General Explanation: - The diagram illustrates a variety of reactions including hydrolysis, esterification, chlorination, ammonolysis, and Grignard procedures. - Each box shows the transformation of starting reactants to products, demonstrating the direction and type of chemical reactions involved. - Arrows indicate the direction and progression of each reaction in the sequence. This organized sequence aids understanding of how starting materials can be systematically converted into different functional groups and provides insight into organic synthesis pathways.
Transcribed Image Text:This image contains a series of chemical reactions and transformations commonly studied in organic chemistry. ### Reaction Sequence Description: 1. **Starting Material:** - The sequence begins with benzonitrile (C₆H₅CN). 2. **Reaction 1:** - Benzonitrile is converted to benzoic acid using a hydrolysis reaction (typically performed with acid or base and water). 3. **Reaction 2:** - Benzoic acid is reacted with thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) to form benzoyl chloride. 4. **Reaction 3:** - Benzoyl chloride reacts with methanol to produce methyl benzoate through an esterification reaction. 5. **Reaction 4:** - Methyl benzoate undergoes ammonolysis with ammonia (NH₃) to form benzamide. 6. **Reaction 5:** - Benzoic acid is treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form the sodium salt of benzoic acid. 7. **Reaction 6:** - Benzamide is converted back to an aldehyde (benzaldehyde) through reduction or selective reaction. 8. **Reaction 7:** - Benzaldehyde undergoes a Grignard reaction. It is treated with methylmagnesium bromide (MeMgBr) followed by hydrolysis (H₃O⁺) to produce a secondary alcohol. ### General Explanation: - The diagram illustrates a variety of reactions including hydrolysis, esterification, chlorination, ammonolysis, and Grignard procedures. - Each box shows the transformation of starting reactants to products, demonstrating the direction and type of chemical reactions involved. - Arrows indicate the direction and progression of each reaction in the sequence. This organized sequence aids understanding of how starting materials can be systematically converted into different functional groups and provides insight into organic synthesis pathways.
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