States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Suppose the vapor pressure of a substance is measured at two
different temperatures. (a) By using the Clausius–Clapeyron
equation (Equation 11.1) derive the following relationship
between the vapor pressures, P1 and P2, and the absolute temperatures
at which they were measured, T1 and T2:
(b) Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, a component
of which is octane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3).
Octane has a vapor pressure of 13.95 torr at 25 °C and a vapor
pressure of 144.78 torr at 75 °C. Use these data and the equation
in part (a) to calculate the heat of vaporization of octane.
(c) By using the equation in part (a) and the data given in part
(b), calculate the normal boiling point of octane. Compare
your answer to the one you obtained from Exercise 11.81.
(d) Calculate the vapor pressure of octane at -30 °C.
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