Cladograms are diagrams that show relationships among organisms based on derived traits. The table below shows a set of derived traits for five different species of land plants. Species Carolina Quillwort French Rose Palm Moss Giant Sequoia Vascular Tissue + + + Derived Traits (+ indicates character is present) Carpels Woody Tissue + Seeds + + Royal Fern A table that shows derived traits in various land plant species. + + Stamens Megaphylls + + + +

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.