II.I.1. Quaternization reaction quaternization fluoropyridinehydrazone 1 with various alkyl halides 2-5 were successful carried out under The 4- both classical heating (CM) and ultrasound irradiations ))) and afforded the fluorinated pyridinium ionic liquids tagged Schiff base 6-9. F CH;CN R-X CM, )))) 1 2-5 6-9 R = -CH,COOEt, p-NO,C,H¾COCH,-, p-CIC,H¿COCH,-, C,H;O Scheme 1: Synthesis of ILs 6-9 through quaternization reaction. Conventional alkylation of compound 1 with various functionalized alkyl halides 2-5 in boiling acetonitrile for 24-48 hours afforded a series of functionalized ionic liquids iodide 6-9. When these reactions were carried out under ultrasound method, 4-5 h were required to give 6-9 in 85-95 %. The physical properties of the synthesized ILs were summarized in table 1. Table 1: Conventional versus ultrasound times and yields of ILs 108-111 tagged Schiff base Comp. No R Conventional Method Ultrasound Method СМ Time (h) Yield (%) Time (h) Yield (%) 6. CH,COOET 7 p-NO,C,H,COCH 24 | 85 | 5 | 88 p-CIC,H,COCH, 24 83 85 8 24 87 88 8. | C,H;O(CH,)4 48 86 4 88 II.I.2. Metathesis reaction The metathesis reaction of the synthesized ionic liquids 6-9 successfully by iodide exchange anion using some fluorinated metal salts such as sodium has been achieved potassium sodium tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate trifluoroacetate, in refluxing dichloromethane for 16 h, to afford new task specific ionic liquids 10- 12 in excellent yields (83-91 %) (Scheme 38). It has been noted that the use of ultrasound irradiation reduced dramatically the reaction times to 4-5 h to afford comparable yields (See table 2). and/or F F DCM + MY CM , ))) M= K, Na Y= PF6, BF4, COOCF3 CH;COOEt CH;COOE1 6 10-12 Scheme 3: Synthesis of ILs 10-12 tagged Schiff base Table 2: Conventional versus ultrasound times and yields of ILs 10- 123 Conventional Method Ultrasound Method Comp. No R Y СМ ))) Time (h) Yield (%)|Time (h) Yield (%) 10 PF6 CH,COOET 11 |CH,COOE1| BF, | 16 CH,COOE1 COOCF; 16 87 4 90 83 4 85 | 12 16 90 92
Catalysis and Enzymatic Reactions
Catalysis is the kind of chemical reaction in which the rate (speed) of a reaction is enhanced by the catalyst which is not consumed during the process of reaction and afterward it is removed when the catalyst is not used to make up the impurity in the product. The enzymatic reaction is the reaction that is catalyzed via enzymes.
Lock And Key Model
The lock-and-key model is used to describe the catalytic enzyme activity, based on the interaction between enzyme and substrate. This model considers the lock as an enzyme and the key as a substrate to explain this model. The concept of how a unique distinct key only can have the access to open a particular lock resembles how the specific substrate can only fit into the particular active site of the enzyme. This is significant in understanding the intermolecular interaction between proteins and plays a vital role in drug interaction.
Write the mechanisms of those two reactions with explanation
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