**2. Starting with benzene, outline a procedure for synthesizing m-chloroaniline.** Chemical Equation Overview: The synthesis process is depicted in a series of chemical structures and arrows, indicating the transformation pathway from benzene to m-chloroaniline. 1. **Structure of Benzene:** - The leftmost structure is benzene (C₆H₆), illustrated as a hexagonal ring with alternating double bonds. 2. **Arrow Indicating Reaction Steps:** - Three arrows connect benzene to the final product, m-chloroaniline, representing a sequence of chemical reactions. 3. **Final Product - m-chloroaniline:** - The rightmost structure is m-chloroaniline, depicted as a benzene ring with two substituents: - An amino group (NH₂) attached at the meta position. - A chlorine atom (Cl) attached at another meta position. ### Detailed Procedure: 1. **Nitration of Benzene:** - Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to produce nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂). - Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_6 + HNO_3 \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} C_6H_5NO_2 + H_2O \). 2. **Chlorination of Nitrobenzene:** - Nitrobenzene undergoes chlorination with chlorine (Cl₂) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as ferric chloride (FeCl₃), to form m-chloronitrobenzene (C₆H₄(NO₂)Cl). - Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_5NO_2 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{FeCl_3} C_6H_4(NO_2)Cl + HCl \). 3. **Reduction of m-Chloronitrobenzene:** - m-Chloronitrobenzene is reduced to m-chloroaniline using a reducing agent such as tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), or iron (Fe) and hydrochloric acid. - Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_4(NO_2)Cl + 6H \xrightarrow{Sn
**2. Starting with benzene, outline a procedure for synthesizing m-chloroaniline.** Chemical Equation Overview: The synthesis process is depicted in a series of chemical structures and arrows, indicating the transformation pathway from benzene to m-chloroaniline. 1. **Structure of Benzene:** - The leftmost structure is benzene (C₆H₆), illustrated as a hexagonal ring with alternating double bonds. 2. **Arrow Indicating Reaction Steps:** - Three arrows connect benzene to the final product, m-chloroaniline, representing a sequence of chemical reactions. 3. **Final Product - m-chloroaniline:** - The rightmost structure is m-chloroaniline, depicted as a benzene ring with two substituents: - An amino group (NH₂) attached at the meta position. - A chlorine atom (Cl) attached at another meta position. ### Detailed Procedure: 1. **Nitration of Benzene:** - Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to produce nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂). - Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_6 + HNO_3 \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} C_6H_5NO_2 + H_2O \). 2. **Chlorination of Nitrobenzene:** - Nitrobenzene undergoes chlorination with chlorine (Cl₂) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as ferric chloride (FeCl₃), to form m-chloronitrobenzene (C₆H₄(NO₂)Cl). - Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_5NO_2 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{FeCl_3} C_6H_4(NO_2)Cl + HCl \). 3. **Reduction of m-Chloronitrobenzene:** - m-Chloronitrobenzene is reduced to m-chloroaniline using a reducing agent such as tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), or iron (Fe) and hydrochloric acid. - Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_4(NO_2)Cl + 6H \xrightarrow{Sn
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Starting with benzene, outline a procedure for synthesizing m-chloroaniline.
Transcribed Image Text:**2. Starting with benzene, outline a procedure for synthesizing m-chloroaniline.**
Chemical Equation Overview:
The synthesis process is depicted in a series of chemical structures and arrows, indicating the transformation pathway from benzene to m-chloroaniline.
1. **Structure of Benzene:**
- The leftmost structure is benzene (C₆H₆), illustrated as a hexagonal ring with alternating double bonds.
2. **Arrow Indicating Reaction Steps:**
- Three arrows connect benzene to the final product, m-chloroaniline, representing a sequence of chemical reactions.
3. **Final Product - m-chloroaniline:**
- The rightmost structure is m-chloroaniline, depicted as a benzene ring with two substituents:
- An amino group (NH₂) attached at the meta position.
- A chlorine atom (Cl) attached at another meta position.
### Detailed Procedure:
1. **Nitration of Benzene:**
- Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to produce nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂).
- Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_6 + HNO_3 \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} C_6H_5NO_2 + H_2O \).
2. **Chlorination of Nitrobenzene:**
- Nitrobenzene undergoes chlorination with chlorine (Cl₂) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as ferric chloride (FeCl₃), to form m-chloronitrobenzene (C₆H₄(NO₂)Cl).
- Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_5NO_2 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{FeCl_3} C_6H_4(NO_2)Cl + HCl \).
3. **Reduction of m-Chloronitrobenzene:**
- m-Chloronitrobenzene is reduced to m-chloroaniline using a reducing agent such as tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), or iron (Fe) and hydrochloric acid.
- Chemical Equation: \( C_6H_4(NO_2)Cl + 6H \xrightarrow{Sn
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