Introduction to Organic Chemistry
The field of chemistry which deals with the studies of reactions, structures, and properties of organic compounds that comprise carbon bonded through covalent bonding is organic chemistry. The studies regarding the structure of organic compounds could be determined with the help of structural formulas. In order to know about the behavior of organic compounds, a study on the properties has to be done. Both physical properties and chemical properties, the origin of chemical reactivity come under the study regarding the properties of organic compounds. The chemical preparation of polymers, drugs, natural products, and the study of separate organic molecules in the lab come under the study of organic reactions.
Vinyl Group
Vinyl group is the name given to the functional group of -CH=CH2. It can be seen as an ethene molecule with one less hydrogen in number. Hence it is also called as ethenyl group at times.
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons
The requirement to identify each compound needs a richer number of words than informative prefixes like n and iso. The identification of organic molecules is made easier by the use of systematic nomenclature schemes. The organic chemistry nomenclature has two types: traditional and systematic. Common names arise in many forms, but share the characteristic that a link through name and form is unnecessary. The name that matches a certain structure clearly must be remembered as knowing a person's name. In contrast, systemic names, including an overall common set of laws, are locked specifically to the chemical structure.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Following are few examples of alkenes with their general molecular as well as their structural formulas:
Conjugated Compounds in Organic Chemistry
The delocalization of electrons in a molecule is called conjugation in organic chemistry. This delocalisation process of electrons leads to the shortenings or elongations of chemical bonds, but at the same time it causes changes in the chemical properties in conjugated molecules as compared to the non-conjugated ones. For example, conjugated molecules absorb light at longer wavelengths.
Alpha Carbon And Alpha Protons
The carbon directly attached to the functional group in an organic molecule is referred to as the alpha carbon and the hydrogen attached to an alpha carbon are termed as the alpha hydrogens or alpha protons. These alpha carbon atoms and alpha hydrogen atoms are of importance because they undergo certain characteristic reactions in organic chemistry.
A systematic name is given to an organic compound by IUPAC nomenclature. The set of rules which are used to name any compound are:
- Select the longest carbon chain containing the functional group or the unsaturated bond. This chain is known as parent chain.
- Identify all the substituents which are attached to the parent chain. These form the side chains.
- Number the carbon atoms of the parent chain such that each of the substituent gets the lowest possible number. When two or more side chains have same positions than the lower number is assigned according to the lowest sum rule. The positions numbers are added to get the lowest possible sum.
- When two functional groups are present than priority order is considered. The group which is present at the top forms the suffix and bottom group is taken as the prefix.
- When the same type of substituent is present more than one in number, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- are used.
- When more than one substituent is present, the names of these substituents are written in the alphabetical order.
- Commas are used in between numbers and dashes are used in between the letters and numbers. There is no space in writing the name of a compound.
- In general, the names of substituents are written in alphabetical order followed by the base name of the parent chain.
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