Callisto is on the run again. She risks crossing a frozen lake, but the ice is thin, and she falls through into the ice-cold water. She manages to drag herself out, but not before breathing in a large quantity of water. This water reaches and fills some of her alveoli. She coughs up all the water, but this has diluted the surfactant within her lungs. She collapses from exhaustion. a) Describe the consequence of having less than optimal amount of surfactant in the alveoli on breathing and provide your rationale b) Callisto has a flask of whiskey in her bag. She knows from experience that alcohol makes her flushed, it causes peripheral vasodilation, which makes her feel warmer. Considering that she is exposed to a cold environment, discuss the benefits or disadvantages of the fact that alcohol causes cutaneous vasodilation. Explain how this effect of alcohol affects her ability to maintain constant body temperature in a cold environment. c) Callisto drinks some of the whiskey from her bag, but the whiskey has been diluted with water that tastes a little salty. It turns out the liquid is a 0.9% electrolyte solution. Discuss and compare the effects of drinking large amounts of 0.9% of electrolyte solution on cell volume to that of drinking distilled water.
Callisto is on the run again. She risks crossing a frozen lake, but the ice is thin, and she falls through into the ice-cold water. She manages to drag herself out, but not before breathing in a large quantity of water. This water reaches and fills some of her alveoli. She coughs up all the water, but this has diluted the surfactant within her lungs. She collapses from exhaustion.
a) Describe the consequence of having less than optimal amount of surfactant in the alveoli on breathing and provide your rationale
b) Callisto has a flask of whiskey in her bag. She knows from experience that alcohol makes her flushed, it causes peripheral vasodilation, which makes her feel warmer. Considering that she is exposed to a cold environment, discuss the benefits or disadvantages of the fact that alcohol causes cutaneous vasodilation. Explain how this effect of alcohol affects her ability to maintain constant body temperature in a cold environment.
c) Callisto drinks some of the whiskey from her bag, but the whiskey has been diluted with water that tastes a little salty. It turns out the liquid is a 0.9% electrolyte solution. Discuss and compare the effects of drinking large amounts of 0.9% of electrolyte solution on cell volume to that of drinking distilled water.
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Callisto has managed to escape Xena, and therefore Xena decides to rest for the night in a
small but deep cave at a high altitude in the mountains. (8.5 marks total, 300 words total
max)
- a) Describe the changes in Xena's intrathoracic and intrapleural volume and pressure
during quiet inspiration. Explain how these changes occur and describe their effect
upon airflow. (4 marks)
- b) Explain how the rate of gas exchange between Xena's alveolar air and blood
changes when she moves to high altitude and describe one possible compensatory
change that occurs in her body as the consequence. (4.5 marks)
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