Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry can be considered as a branch of thermodynamics that deals with the connections between warmth, work, and various types of energy, formed because of different synthetic and actual cycles. Thermochemistry describes the energy changes that occur as a result of reactions or chemical changes in a substance.
Exergonic Reaction
The term exergonic is derived from the Greek word in which ‘ergon’ means work and exergonic means ‘work outside’. Exergonic reactions releases work energy. Exergonic reactions are different from exothermic reactions, the one that releases only heat energy during the course of the reaction. So, exothermic reaction is one type of exergonic reaction. Exergonic reaction releases work energy in different forms like heat, light or sound. For example, a glow stick releases light making that an exergonic reaction and not an exothermic reaction since no heat is released. Even endothermic reactions at very high temperature are exergonic.
Calculate ΔH° for the following reaction.
CH4(g)+2O2(g)--> CO2(g)+2H2O(g) |
Use standard heats of formation from tables i provided below. not all are included. |
![Appendix 4 (continued)
Substance and State
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s)
Ca(OH)₂(s)
Ca3(PO4)2(s)
CaSO4(s)
CaSiO₂ (s)
Carbon
C(s) (graphite)
C(s) (diamond)
CO(g)
CO₂(g)
CH₂(g)
CH₂OH(g)
CH₂OH(1)
H₂CO(g)
HCOOH(g)
HCN(g)
C₂H₂(g)
C₂H.(g)
CH,CHO(g)
C₂H₂OH(I)
C₂H,(g)
C₂H,(g)
C3H8(g)
C₂H₂O(g)
(ethylene oxide)
CH2=CHCN(g)
CH₂COOH(/)
CH₁₂O6(s)
CCL (1)
Chlorine
Cl₂(g)
Cl₂(aq)
Cl(aq)
HCl(g)
Chromium
Cr(s)
Cr₂O3(s)
CrO;(s)
Copper
Cu(s)
CuCO3(s)
Cu₂O(s)
Cuo(s)
Cu(OH)2(s)
CuS(s)
Fluorine
F₂(g)
F-(aq)
HF(g)
Hydrogen
H₂(g)
H(g)
H*(aq)
OH-(aq)
AH
(kJ/mol)
-1207 -1129
-635
-604
-987 -899
-4126
-3890
-1433
-1320
-1630
-1550
0
2
-110.5
-393.5
-75
-201
-239
-116
-363
135.1
227
52
-166
-278
-84.7
20.9
-104
-53
185.0
-484
- 1275
-135
0
-23
-167
-92
0
- 1128
-579
0
-595
-170
-156
-450
-49
0
-333
-271
AG
5°
(kJ/mol) (J K-¹ mol-¹)
0
217
0
-230
0
3
-137
-394
-51
-163
-166
-110
-351
125
209
68
- 129
-175
-32.9
62.7
-24
-13
195.4
-389
-911
-65
0
7
-131
-95
0
-1047
-502
0
-518
-148
-128
-372
-49
0
-279
-273
0
203
0
-157
93
40
83
241
107
84
6
2
198
214
186
240
127
219
249
202
201
219
250
161
229.5
266.9
270
242
274
160
212
216
223
121
57
187
24
81
72
33
88
93
43
108
67
203
-14
174
131
115
0
-11
Substance and State
H₂O(l)
H₂O(g)
Iodine
Iz(s)
1₂(g)
1₂(aq)
1- (aq)
Iron
Fe(s)
Fe; C(s)
Feo.950(s)
(wustite)
FeO(s)
Fe, O₂ (s)
(magnetite)
Fe₂O3(s)
(hematite)
Fes(s)
FeS₂(s)
FeSO4(s)
Lead
Pb(s)
PbO₂ (s)
PbS(s)
PbSO4(s)
Magnesium
Mg(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgO(s)
Mg(OH)₂(s)
Manganese
Mn(s)
MnO(s)
MnO4(s)
Mn₂O3(s)
MnO₂ (s)
MnO₂ (aq)
Mercury
Hg(1)
Hg₂Cl₂(s)
HgCl₂(s)
HgO(s)
HgS(s)
Nickel
Ni(s)
NiCl₂(s)
NiO(s)
Ni(OH)2(s)
NiS(s)
Nitrogen
N₂(g)
NH3(g)
NH,(aq)
NH,+(aq)
NO(g)
AH
(kJ/mol)
-286
-242
0
62
23
-55
0
21
-264
-272
-1117
-826
-95
-178
-929
0
-277
- 100
-920
0
-1113
-602
-925
0
-385
-1387
-971
-521
-543
0
-265
-230
-90
-58
0
-316
-241
-538
-93
0
-46
-80
-132
90
AG
(kJ/mol)
-237
-229
0
19
16
-52
0
15
-240
-255
-1013
-740
-97
- 166
-825
0
-217
-99
-813
0
-1029
-569
-834
0
-363
-1280
-893
-466
-449
0
-211
-184
-59
-49
0
-272
-213
-453
-90
0
-17
-27
-79
87
Sº
(JK-¹ mol-¹)
70
189
116
261
137
106
27
108
59
61
146
90
67
53
121
65
69
91
149
33
66
27
64
32
60
149
110
53
190
76
196
144
70
78
30
107
38
79
53
192
193
111
113
211](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F66b0b2d4-6005-430c-89ce-f27aeb88f90c%2Fd1a631d6-6ff2-475e-bef5-05ab7fdcd417%2Fgefv25_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data*
ΔΗ
(kJ/mol)
Substance and State
Aluminum
Al(s)
Al₂O3(s)
Al(OH)3(s)
AICI3(s)
Barium
Ba(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaO(s)
Ba(OH)2(s)
BaSO4(s)
Beryllium
0
-1676
-1277
-704
-1219
-582
-946
-1465
AG
Sº
(kJ/mol) (J K-¹ mol-¹)
-599
-904
0
- 1582
-629
- 1139
-552
-1353
0
Be(s)
BeO(s)
Be(OH)2(s)
-569
-815
*All values are assumed precise to at least ±1.
-
28
51
111
67
112
70
132
10
14
47
Substance and State
Bromine
Br₂(1)
Br₂(g)
Br₂(aq)
Br (aq)
HBr(g)
Cadmium
Cd(s)
Cdo (s)
Cd(OH)2(s)
CdS(s)
CdSO4(s)
Calcium
Ca(s)
CaC₂(s)
ΔΗ
(kJ/mol)
0
31
-3
-121
-36
0
-258
-561
- 162
-935
0
-63
AGI
(kJ/mol)
0
3
4
-104
-53
-228
-474
-156
-823
0
-68
Sº
(JK-¹ mol-¹)
152
245
130
82
199
52
55
96
65
123
41
70
(continued)](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F66b0b2d4-6005-430c-89ce-f27aeb88f90c%2Fd1a631d6-6ff2-475e-bef5-05ab7fdcd417%2Fij9ybze_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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