Caffeine, a methylated xanthine found in chocolate, coffee, and tea, is excreted as uric acid. Use your knowledge of the metabolism of other purine compounds to suggest how caffeine is metabolized.
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Caffeine, a methylated xanthine found in chocolate, coffee, and tea, is excreted as uric acid. Use
your knowledge of the
metabolized.
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- Many patients with glucose 6- phosphatase deficiency have high serum levels of urate. Hyperuricemia can be induced in normal people by the ingestion of alcohol or by strenuous exercise. Propose a common mechanism that accounts for these findings.Argininosuccinic aciduria is a condition that results when the urea-cycle enzyme argininosuccinase is deficient. Argininosuccinate is present in the blood and urine. Suggest how this condition might be treated while still removing nitrogen from the body.List two classes of compounds derived from arachidonic acid. Suggest some reasons for the amount of biomedical research devoted to these compounds.
- Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose is done by the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase which is present in the liver. identify any regulators to this process.In humans the purine ring cannot be degraded. How is itexcreted? What reactions are involved?Fill in the blanks and explain the relationship between the paired words/phrases a. methotrexate: dihydrofolate reductase; ___________: thymidylate synthase b. __________: aspartate; purine: glycine
- Describe the two models that explain the binding of allosteric enzymes. Use either model to explain the binding ofoxygen to hemoglobin.A newborn is brought into a clinic, and his parents indicate that their baby is lethargic, vomits periodically, and has tremors. It is suspected that the baby might have hyperammonemia. The cause may be due to urea cycle defects, indicating that the high ammonia level is due to an enzymatic block in ammonia metabolism within the urea cycle. What are the enzymes of the urea cycle? Describe their reactions in order to understand the cause of this phenomenon?Below is a list of steps that occur after an exercising muscle cell begins degrading amino acids for ATP production. For each step, choose (A) if the process occurs in the muscle cell and (B) if the process occurs in the liver. It will be easiest to answer this question if you first put the steps in order, then decide in which organ they occur. ______ Alanine is transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Branched chain amino acids are transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Glutamate is deaminated.______ Glutamate is transaminated with pyruvate.______ Ketoacid skeletons resulting from branch chain amino acids enter the CAC.______ Pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis.______ Urea is formed from the nitrogen removed from the original branched chain amino acid.
- Outline the path of 2 molecules of alanine to 1 molecule of glucose using alanine dehydrogenase and other processes or pathways you know. Determine the net reaction and make sure you include both the necessary cofactors AND the handling of the ammonia by the urea cycle.In the liver, fructose can be converted into glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate without passing through the phosphofructokinase-regulated reaction. Show the reactions that make this conversion possible. Why might ingesting high levels of fructose have deleterious physiological effects?Homocystinuria is caused by a defect in cystathionine beta-synthase (or 13-synthase), which leads to an accumulation of homocysteine in the blood. This accumulation causes symptoms such as a tall, thin frame, flushed cheeks, and osteoporosis (thinning of the bones). These individuals should limit their intake of proteins that contain methionine, such as egg whites. Using your understanding of biochemistry, explain why people with Homocystinuria should not consume egg whites and other such proteins.