C8. GSS 2018 respondents were asked their views on teens (between the ages of 14 and 16) engaging in sex before marriage (TEENSEX). Responses are cross-tabulated by educational attainment (DEGREE). What percentage of those surveyed felt teen sex was always wrong? b. What percentage of those with less than a high school diploma felt teen sex was always wrong? a. c. What of those with a graduate degree felt teen sex was always wrong? percentage d. Interpret the gamma statistic. e. Using chi-square, test the null hypothesis that DEGREE and TEENSEX are statistically independent. Set alpha at .05. Sex before marriage -- teens 14-16 * Rs highest degree Crosstabulation Rs highest degree Lt high High Junior school school college Bachelor Graduate Total Sex before Always Count 78 305 47 95 54 579 marriage - - teens 14-16 wrong 65.5% 59.8% 58.8% 53.1% 49.1% 58.0% % within Rs highest degree
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
![C8. GSS 2018 respondents were asked their views on teens (between the ages of 14 and
16) engaging in sex before marriage (TEENSEX). Responses are cross-tabulated by
educational attainment (DEGREE).
a. What percentage of those surveyed felt teen sex was always wrong?
b. What percentage of those with less than a high school diploma felt teen sex was
always wrong?
c. What percentage of those with a graduate degree felt teen sex was always wrong?
d. Interpret the gamma statistic.
e. Using chi-square, test the null hypothesis that DEGREE and TEENSEX are
statistically independent. Set alpha at .05.
Sex before marriage - - teens 14-16 * Rs highest degree Crosstabulation
Rs highest degree
Lt high
High
Junior
school
school
college
Bachelor
Graduate
Total
78
305
47
95
54
579
Sex before
Always
Count
marriage --
teens 14-16
wrong
65.5%
59.8%
58.8%
53.1%
49.1%
58.0%
% within Rs
highest degree
(Continued)](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1e6fc9fb-b172-4542-bbda-22f42642ead0%2Fd2adc811-efb2-4901-a9ee-d4511e56a900%2F7fj73ld_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![(Continued)
Rs highest degree
Lt high
High
school
Junior
college
Bachelor
Graduate
Total
school
Count
19
81
18
36
27
181
Almst
always wrg
15.9%
22.5%
20.1%
24.5%
18.1%
% within Rs
16.0%
highest degree
16
77
30
20
149
Sometimes
Count
wrong
13.4%
15.1%
7.5%
16.8%
18.2%
14.9%
% within Rs
highest degree
Not wrong
Count
6.
47
18
89
at all
11.3%
10.1%
8.2%
8.9%
% within Rs
5.0%
9.2%
highest degree
Count
119
510
80
179
110
998
Total
% within Rs
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
highest degree
Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance
(2-sided)
Value
df
Pearson Chi-Square
16.364a
12
.175
Likelihood Ratio
17.110
12
.146
Linear-by-Linear
Association
4.747
1
.029
N of Valid Cases
998
a. O cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 7.13.
Symmetric Measures
Asymptotic
Standard Errora
Approximate
Significance
Value
Approximate T
Ordinal by Ordinal
Gamma
.110
.041
2.643
.008
N of Valid Cases
998
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1e6fc9fb-b172-4542-bbda-22f42642ead0%2Fd2adc811-efb2-4901-a9ee-d4511e56a900%2F1dbz4z9_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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