C1. (a) (i) State the three axioms of probability. (ii) Using the axioms, and clearly stating any set identities, prove that Pr(AUB) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) – Pr(An B), where A and B are any two events associated with the sample space N. (iii) Now suppose that events A and B are independent. How does the right-hand side of equation (*) simplify to depend on Pr(A) and Pr(B) only? (*)

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C1. (a) (i) State the three axioms of probability.
(ii) Using the axioms, and clearly stating any set identities, prove that
Pr(AUB) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A^ B),
where A and B are any two events associated with the sample space.
(iii) Now suppose that events A and B are independent. How does the right-hand
side of equation (*) simplify to depend on Pr(A) and Pr(B) only?
(*)
(b) Suppose there are three basic eye colours: blue, brown and green. In the UK, suppose
50% of the population have blue eyes, 35% have brown eyes, and 15% have green
eyes. Further, suppose that individuals are selected at random from this population.
(i) Individuals are selected from the population until a person with green eyes is
found. What is the probability that at least 3 people are selected?
(ii) Next suppose that a random sample of size 10 is selected from the population.
What is the probability that exactly 2 people have brown eyes?
(iii) Now consider a random sample of size 100. Using a suitable normal approxima-
tion, what is the approximate probability that at most half the sample have blue
eyes?
(iv) Write down R commands to evaluate each of the three probabilities in parts
(b)(i), (ii) and (iii) above.
Transcribed Image Text:C1. (a) (i) State the three axioms of probability. (ii) Using the axioms, and clearly stating any set identities, prove that Pr(AUB) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A^ B), where A and B are any two events associated with the sample space. (iii) Now suppose that events A and B are independent. How does the right-hand side of equation (*) simplify to depend on Pr(A) and Pr(B) only? (*) (b) Suppose there are three basic eye colours: blue, brown and green. In the UK, suppose 50% of the population have blue eyes, 35% have brown eyes, and 15% have green eyes. Further, suppose that individuals are selected at random from this population. (i) Individuals are selected from the population until a person with green eyes is found. What is the probability that at least 3 people are selected? (ii) Next suppose that a random sample of size 10 is selected from the population. What is the probability that exactly 2 people have brown eyes? (iii) Now consider a random sample of size 100. Using a suitable normal approxima- tion, what is the approximate probability that at most half the sample have blue eyes? (iv) Write down R commands to evaluate each of the three probabilities in parts (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) above.
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