C. CH;OH Is this reaction E1 or E2? elimination product(s) d. NaOH Is this reaction SN1 or SN2? substitution product(s) е. HOCH,CH3 .CI Is this reaction E1 or E2? elimination product(s) f. CI NH3 solvent = N. Is this reaction SN1 or SN2? substitution product(s)
Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
![### Reaction Mechanism Analysis
#### Problem c.
![chemical diagram showing 2-chlorocyclohexane reacting with methanol]
**Question:** Is this reaction E1 or E2?
**Product type:** Elimination product(s)
**Detailed Explanation:**
- This reaction involves a cyclohexane ring with a chlorine substituent.
- The methanol (\(CH_3OH\)) acts as a base or nucleophile.
- The reaction will result in the formation of an elimination product, identified by the removal of the chlorine substituent and the formation of a double bond within the cyclohexane ring.
#### Problem d.
![chemical diagram showing 2-chlorobutane reacting with sodium hydroxide]
**Question:** Is this reaction SN1 or SN2?
**Product type:** Substitution product(s)
**Detailed Explanation:**
- This reaction involves 2-chlorobutane, which has a butane chain with a chlorine substituent at the second position.
- Sodium hydroxide (\(NaOH\)) is the reactant, which acts as a nucleophile.
- The product of this reaction will be a substitution product, where the hydroxide group replaces the chlorine atom.
#### Problem e.
![chemical diagram showing 3-chloropentane reacting with ethylene glycol]
**Question:** Is this reaction E1 or E2?
**Product type:** Elimination product(s)
**Detailed Explanation:**
- This reaction starts with 3-chloropentane, a pentane chain with a chlorine substituent at the third position.
- Ethylene glycol (\(HOCH_2CH_3\)) is the reactant.
- The reaction will yield an elimination product by removing the chlorine and forming a double bond within the carbon chain of pentane.
#### Problem f.
![chemical diagram showing 2-chlorocyclohexane reacting with ammonia]
**Question:** Is this reaction SN1 or SN2?
**Product type:** Substitution product(s)
**Detailed Explanation:**
- This problem features 2-chlorocyclohexane, a cyclohexane ring with a chlorine substituent.
- Ammonia (\(NH_3\)) in the presence of a solvent is the reactant.
- The expected product is a substitution product where the chlorine will be replaced by the ammonia. The specific solvent used is given (dimethylformamide, DMF), which favors the substitution process.
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