c) Figure 1 below shows the attenuation characteristic for radio wave propagation up to the HF band. During the night, a system using a 1 kHz carrier transmits a signal at a power of 30.XY dBW. Calculate i) ii) Attenuation,d8/km the transmitted power in Watts? the received power 1000 km from the transmitter. 6 10 -(elf) Wavelength, m 105 Night 10⁰ (vi) Day (18) 10³ (mfl- -(hf)- Frequency, kHz (Courtesy D. Llanwyn Jones) Figure 1. Attenuation characteristic for LF radio bands

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Antenna Characteristics

The antenna is an important concept in the domain of electronics and communication engineering. An antenna forms an integral part of many commonly used devices such as wireless modems, routers, game controllers, mobile phones, bluetooth devices, and so on. In simple terms, any wireless communication makes use of antennas to serve the purpose. An antenna, also known by the term 'arial', is an electrical device that converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic waves into electrical signals. An antenna contains a transmission line usually made up of co-axial cable, it then receives the signals and converts them into electromagnetic waves, which are then transmitted via space into their required destination. A communication system essentially makes use of two antennas, a transmission antenna, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, and a receiving antenna, which receives the electromagnetic waves and converts them back into electrical signals.