Briefly explain antigenic drift and antigen shift. Which is usually more dangerous of the two and why? How do they affect production of vaccines?

Q: What is the mechanism of the reaction of Radial immunodiffusion using antigen -antibody.

A: Radial immunodiffusion (RID) is a common quantitative method for determining an antigen's…

Q: Describe the role of vaccines in providing herd immunity.

A: Our body has developed a specialized mechanism to fight diseases and disease-causing microbes called…

Q: Give and explain two COVID vaccines with different outcomes due to antigen processing- one designed…

A: Due to differences in antigen processing, we need to explain why one COVID vaccination was intended…

Q: Heidelberger observed that complement inhibited the formation of precipitating  antigen-antibody…

A: The formation of immune complexes lattices between antigens and antibodies is a crucial process in…

Q: Describe three different types of vaccines

A: Vaccines are meds that are utilized to make individuals invulnerable to specific infections. They…

Q: Name at least two major ways in which natural and artifi cial immunities are different.

A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…

Q: Describe the purpose of immunological memory, and explain ?how it develops

A: The capability of the body to recognize and fight against foreign and harmful particles is called…

Q: w antibodies are formed in T-independent antigens,

A: Thymus-dependent antigens are two categories of antigens that must come into contact with T-helper…

Q: 8. Clonal Selection Hypothesis is the most accepted theory for how immune cells respond to specific…

A: 8. Clonal Selection Hypothesis is the most accepted theory for how immune cells respond to specific…

Q: Please complete the concept map

A: Vaccines It refers to a biological preparation that offers effective acquired immunity against a…

Q: Define antigenic shift, antigenic drift, and original antigenic sin.

A: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.…

Q: Compare and contrast live attenuated vaccines, inactivatedvaccines, and toxoids. Which of these has…

A: Vaccines are biological preparation that activate the acquired immunity against a particular…

Q: It is said that a vaccine does not prevent infection; rather, it primes theimmune system to undergo…

A: Vaccines are known to have reduced the impact of many infectious diseases. Vaccination is defined as…

Q: Explain the clonal selection theory of antibody specificity and diversity.

A: Introduction: The antibody is a protein secreted by the body to fight against the invasive pathogen…

Q: Illustrate the solid phase “sandwich” immunoassaY AND What does the “s” in HBs stand for? What other…

A: Introduction: The antigen-antibody reaction is an association between an antigen and the antibody…

Q: What are passive andactive immunization?According to the duration ofthe protection how do thesetypes…

A: The immunology is a branch of science that studies and deals with the immune system of the body. The…

Q: Compare and contrast the characteristics of attenuated and inactivated vaccines.

A: A vaccination is a biological substance that provides active acquired immunity to a certain…

Q: 1. Commpare antigenic shift to antigenic drift. Why does antigenic shift prevent the production of a…

A: Influenza viruses are notable for the frequent antigenic shift that occurs in HA (hemagglutinin) or…

Q: Describe the six types of antigen preparations for making vaccines.

A: Vaccines are basically preparations of biological components that help develop an immune response…

Q: Explain the process of how vaccines stimulate the immune system to generate protective immunity…

A: Vaccines are biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular…

Q: Compare and contrast the immunologic reactions involved in types I through IV hypersensitivities.

A: Ans: Hypersensitivities: It is the undesirable response or reactions elicited by the normal immune…

Q: Explain why people with B cell deficiency can benefit from artificial passive immunotherapy,  and…

A: Active immunity results when an individual's immune framework attempts to deliver antibodies and…

Q: Define the following types of vaccines and give at least two examples of each. Attenuated vaccines…

A: Vaccines are the substance prepared from non - living or living microbes and are introduced into…

Q: Name 2 immunological deficiencies and 2 over-reactions of the immune system discussed from the book

A: Immune system is like soldiers for our body because they scrutinize continuously extracellular as…

Q: What is involved in the four categories of B-cell and T-cell-mediatedimmunopathologies outlined by…

A: Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated and inappropriate immune responses against antigens or…

Q: What is clonal selection hypothesis and use the autoimmune response and immunological memory to…

A: Clone selection hypothesis explains that there are numerous lymphocytes in the body and each of them…

Q: 71. T-independent antigens such as capsular polysaccharides have all of the following disadvantages…

A: The antigen is a molecule, which may be an insider or the outsider of the body, induces an immune…

Q: xplain two sources for the production of vaccines

A: A drug used to boost the immune system's response to disease. Vaccines are typically given via…

Q: erate and briefly explain the different types of vaccines. Give 2 examples each. ?.

A: As we know Vaccines are safe biological agents synthesized from pathological microbes that infect or…

Q: Name at least two major ways in which natural and artificial immunitiesare different.

A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…

Q: Explain why people with B-cell deficiencies can benefit from artificial passive…

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They…

Q: Which of the following is false concerning immunoglobulin IgM? O First immunoglobulin class made in…

A: Immunoglobulin also called as antibodies  are the special proteins which are produced by plasma…

Q: Describe the two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody and explain…

A: Protein molecules known as antibodies or immunoglobulins are created by the body's immune cells.…

Q: Some vaccination procedures require a booster shot, another doseof the original vaccine given…

A: Humans are always surrounded by microorganisms searching for an opportunistic host. These pathogens…

Q: Explain the terms clonal selection and expansions.

A: Immune system can be defined as the defence response against invading pathogens or disease causing…

Q: Of the following types of vaccines: attenunated live or inactivated whole agent, which is more…

A: Vaccine:It provides the immunity against one or numerous diseases. It is a substance that is used to…

Q: Identify two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody, and explain how…

A: Serology is the scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids. In practical immunological…

Q: The name of two major categories of vaccines and then the subcategories under each.

A: Introduction: A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides "active acquired immunity" for a…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.