Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
Fill the reagents, a through f in the following synthesis
![This image presents a sequence of chemical reactions depicted in a flowchart where each step is labeled with an alphabetic letter (a through f). It demonstrates the transformation of organic compounds through various chemical processes. Below is a detailed description of each step:
1. **Starting Compound:** The structure is a hydrocarbon with a double bond, represented as:
\[
\text{CH}_2=\text{CH}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3
\]
2. **Step A:**
- **Reaction:** The double bond is replaced with a hydroxyl group (OH) on the second carbon.
- **Product:** An alcohol, represented as:
\[
\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}(\text{OH})-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3
\]
3. **Step B:**
- **Reaction:** The hydroxyl group is converted to a bromine atom.
- **Product:** An alkyl bromide, represented as:
\[
\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}(\text{Br})-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3
\]
4. **Step C:**
- **Reaction:** The compound undergoes oxidation to form a carboxylic acid.
- **Product:** A carboxylic acid, represented as:
\[
\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{COOH}
\]
5. **Step D:**
- **Reaction:** The carboxylic acid is reduced back to an alcohol.
- **Product:** An alcohol, represented as:
\[
\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{OH}
\]
6. **Step E:**
- **Reaction:** This step is not shown, but it implies a further transformation of the primary alcohol.
7. **Step F:**
- **Reaction:** The compound is further reduced to form an aldehyde.
- **Product:** An aldehyde, represented as:
\[
\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CHO}
\]
The sequence illustrates a typical set of transformations in organic chemistry](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa8385f55-d157-48ba-b29c-65f0a4946794%2Fe1c5a34d-e4da-421a-830e-2c8a62b813c7%2Fo9lm71_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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