Catalysis and Enzymatic Reactions
Catalysis is the kind of chemical reaction in which the rate (speed) of a reaction is enhanced by the catalyst which is not consumed during the process of reaction and afterward it is removed when the catalyst is not used to make up the impurity in the product. The enzymatic reaction is the reaction that is catalyzed via enzymes.
Lock And Key Model
The lock-and-key model is used to describe the catalytic enzyme activity, based on the interaction between enzyme and substrate. This model considers the lock as an enzyme and the key as a substrate to explain this model. The concept of how a unique distinct key only can have the access to open a particular lock resembles how the specific substrate can only fit into the particular active site of the enzyme. This is significant in understanding the intermolecular interaction between proteins and plays a vital role in drug interaction.
For the reaction below identify the reactant electrophile and the nucleophile.
![### Chemical Reaction: Amination of Bromoalkane
#### Reaction Equation:
\[ \text{NH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{C}_4\text{H}_9\text{Br} \rightarrow \text{C}_4\text{H}_9\text{NH}\text{CH}_3 + \text{CH}_3\text{NH}_3\text{Br} \]
#### Description:
This reaction illustrates a nucleophilic substitution reaction where a methylamine (NH₂CH₃) reacts with bromobutane (C₄H₉Br) to form butylmethylamine (C₄H₉NHCH₃) and methylammonium bromide (CH₃NH₃Br).
- **Reactants:**
- **Methylamine (NH₂CH₃):** This compound contains an amino group which acts as a nucleophile.
- **Bromobutane (C₄H₉Br):** This compound contains a bromine atom attached to a butyl group, making it a good leaving group.
- **Products:**
- **Butylmethylamine (C₄H₉NHCH₃):** This is formed by replacing the bromine atom in bromobutane with the amino group from methylamine.
- **Methylammonium bromide (CH₃NH₃Br):** This is a salt formed during the reaction where the methylamine gains a proton to form the ammonium ion, and bromide acts as the counterion.
#### Mechanism:
1. **Nucleophilic Attack:** The nitrogen atom in methylamine, possessing a lone pair of electrons, attacks the carbon atom bonded to the bromine in bromobutane. This carbon is electrophilic due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the bromine.
2. **Leaving Group Departure:** The bromine atom, being a good leaving group, detaches from the carbon atom, resulting in the formation of the new carbon-nitrogen bond.
3. **Formation of Methylammonium Salt:** During the reaction, a proton transfer occurs, resulting in the formation of the methylammonium ion (CH₃NH₃⁺) and the bromide ion (Br⁻), which combine to form methylammonium bromide (CH₃NH₃Br).
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