Because snapdragons (Antirrhinum) possess the pigment anthocyanin, they have reddish purple petals.Two pure anthocyaninless lines of Antirrhinum weredeveloped, one in California and one in Holland. Theylooked identical in having no red pigment at all, manifested as white (albino) flowers. However, when petalsfrom the two lines were ground up together in buffer inthe same test tube, the solution, which appeared colorless at first, gradually turned red.a. What control experiments should an investigatorconduct before proceeding with further analysis?b. What could account for the production of the redcolor in the test tube?c. According to your explanation for part b, what wouldbe the genotypes of the two lines?d. If the two white lines were crossed, what would youpredict the phenotypes of the F1 and F2 to be?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
Because snapdragons (Antirrhinum) possess the pigment anthocyanin, they have reddish purple petals.
Two pure anthocyaninless lines of Antirrhinum were
developed, one in California and one in Holland. They
looked identical in having no red pigment at all, manifested as white (albino) flowers. However, when petals
from the two lines were ground up together in buffer in
the same test tube, the solution, which appeared colorless at first, gradually turned red.
a. What control experiments should an investigator
conduct before proceeding with further analysis?
b. What could account for the production of the red
color in the test tube?
c. According to your explanation for part b, what would
be the genotypes of the two lines?
d. If the two white lines were crossed, what would you
predict the
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