How did the Industrial Revolution impact families according to Friedrich Engels? **Transcription of Educational Text:**---Page 2...the most demoralizing consequences for parents, as well as children...Yet the working man cannot escape from the family, must live in the family, and the consequence is a perpetual succession of family troubles, domestic quarrels, most demoralizing for parents and children alike. Neglect of all domestic duties, neglect of the children, especially, is only too common among English working people, and only too vigorously fostered by the existing institutions of society. And children growing up in this savage way, amidst these demoralizing influences, are expected to turn out goody-goody and moral in the end! Verily the requirements are naive which the self-satisfied bourgeois makes upon the working man!**CONSIDER THIS:**7-8. How does Engels's description of the impact of the factory system on women and the family seem to reflect some of the concerns of our contemporary society?---There are no graphs or diagrams on this page. **The Impact of the Factory System on Women and the Family***By Friedrich Engels*The employment of women at once breaks up the family; for when the wife spends twelve or thirteen hours every day in the mill, and the husband works the same length of time there or elsewhere, what becomes of the children? They grow up like wild weeds; they are put out to nurse for a shilling or eighteenpence a week, and how they are treated may be imagined. That the general mortality among young children must be increased by the employment of the mothers is self-evident, and is placed beyond all doubt by notorious facts.Women often return to the mill three or four days after confinement [for childbirth], leaving the baby, of course; in the dinner hour they must hurry home to feed the child and eat something, and what sort of suckling that can be is also evident.Lord Ashley repeats the testimony of several workwomen:"M. H., twenty years old, has two children, the youngest a baby, that is tended by the other, a little older. The mother goes to the mill shortly after five o'clock in the morning, and comes home at eight at night; all day the milk pours from her breasts so that her clothing drips with it.""H. W. has three children, goes away Monday morning at five o'clock, and comes back Saturday evening; has so much to do for the children then that she cannot get to bed before three o'clock in the mornings often wet through to the skin, and obliged to work in that state. She said: 'My breasts have given me the most frightful pain, and I have been dripping wet with milk.'"The use of narcotics to keep the children still is fostered by this infamous system, and has reached a great extent in the factory districts. Dr. Johns, Registrar in Chief for Manchester, is of opinion that this custom is the chief source of the many deaths from convulsions. The employment of the wife dissolves the family utterly and of necessity, and this dissolution, in our present society, which is based upon the family, brings...**Reference:** "The Impact of the Factory System on Women and the Family" is from Friedrich Engels, *The Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844* (London: Sonnenschein & Co., 1892).

The Industrial Revolution in modern history marked a shift from an agrarian and craft economy to one dominated by the development of industry and machines. These technological breakthroughs have resulted in new methods of working and living, as well as a profound shift in society. Historians have given many explanations about the Industrial Revolution, including the rise of capitalism, European imperialism, coal mining initiatives, and the impact of the agricultural revolution. Capitalism was an important factor in the growth of industrialization. The Industrial Revolution has transformed the economy of agriculture and crafts into an economy based on large-scale industry, automated production, and factory systems.According to Friedrich Engels, the working class was at the forefront of the revolutionary transformation of Britain. He argued that the Industrial Revolution was damaging the health, salary, and living conditions of families in industrial centers like Manchester and Liverpool. Industrialization has transformed the family from a unit of production to a unit of consumption, resulting in lower fertility rates and changing relationships between spouses and between parents and children. This transition was uneven and slow, depending on social status and occupation. The Industrial Revolution has certainly harmed the working class. They had to live in a dirty and crowded state for fear of illness. Most people eat less, and many die of starvation. The family was forced to work as a unit and the members were separated. Engels became a communist and an atheist during his time in Berlin, which would have come as a surprise to his devoutly Protestant family. He felt that a communist revolution was unavoidable somewhere in Europe because of the downtrodden conditions of its workers and their large numbers. Engels regarded the working class and owners as natural enemies. Socialists argued that governments should actively organize their economies rather than relying on free-market capitalism to get their jobs done.

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