Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
![**Title: Understanding Enzyme-Substrate Interactions**
**Based on the diagram, the blue/orange image in the center picture represents...**
[Diagram Explanation]
The diagram illustrates the process of enzyme-substrate interaction and the resulting product formation through three stages:
1. **Initial Binding:**
- On the left, a red shape with an indentation (representing the enzyme) is shown. Nearby is a combination of a blue and orange shape (representing the substrate).
- An arrow points towards the indentation, indicating the substrate moving towards the enzyme.
2. **Enzyme-Substrate Complex:**
- In the center, the substrate (blue and orange shapes) fits into the enzyme's active site (indentation).
- This represents the enzyme-substrate complex formed during the reaction.
3. **Product Release:**
- On the right, the substrate has been split into separate blue and orange shapes, indicating the formation of products.
- Arrows indicate these products moving away from the enzyme, which remains unchanged and ready for another reaction cycle.
**Question:**
Based on the diagram, the blue/orange image in the center picture represents...
**Multiple Choice Options:**
- ○ enzyme
- ○ product
- ○ substrate
- ○ active site
**Answer Explanation:**
From the diagram, it is clear that the blue and orange shapes combined in the center image represent the **substrate**. This is the molecule or molecules that the enzyme acts upon during the reaction.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fff017809-0f04-4ead-8eb3-41912d677308%2F87adf5d2-f9c1-48f0-9f5d-84c316808a3d%2Fmez89k_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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