Based from the Figure 4.2, a vertical angle of +13°45' is read to a target 1.23 m above point B. The measured inclined distance S is 823.29 m and the elevation of point A is 123.65 m above the datum. The height of the instrument at A is 1.35 m. Consider the effect of earth's curvature and refraction.

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Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.