Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
1. Show work for b
a.Which statement about the molecular orbitals in a molecule is correct?
(A) No molecular orbital may have a net overlap with any other molecular orbital.
(B) Each molecular orbital must have a different number of nodes than every other molecular orbital.
(C) The number of molecular orbitals is equal to half the number of atomic orbitals of the atoms that make up the molecule.
(D) The lowest-energy molecular orbitals are the most antibonding in character and the highest-energy molecular orbitals are the most bonding in character.
*b. What is the bond order of carbon monoxide, CO?
(A) 1.5 (B) 2.0 (C)2.5 (D) 3.0
c. Which statements about the Lewis structure of the fulminate ion, CNO– , are correct?
I. The nitrogen atom has a positive formal charge.
II. The nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons.
(A) I only (B) II only
(C) Both I and II (D) Neither I nor II
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