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- 2. A 23-year-old Caucasian female presented to the emergency department (ER)with profuse watery diarrhea after consuming raw oysters in a restaurant. She described the diarrhea as 'rice water stool'. (a) Which type of specimen should be collected from this patient for diagnosis of disease? (b) Name the most probable bacteria that caused the diarrhea and give the name of the infection. (c) Suggest two treatments and two preventive measures for this infection. (d) Non-toxic strains of bacteria can acquire toxin genes from viral genome. Briefly describe the process during which the toxic genes from virus are incorporated into bacterial chromosome.Consider that you are working as a laboratory technician in a local hospital and three patients at brought to the laboratory who present with the following: a)symptoms of toxic shock syndrome resulting from food poisoning b) symptoms of respiratory disease associated with the diphtheria toxin c) symptoms of a sexually transmitted disease resulting in the release of pulse from the genitals For each of these cases write the: 1. Name of the microorganisms responsible and 2. The morphological structure of the cells of this microorganismMatch the organism in column A to the symptom/manifestation in column B that fits it most appropriately. Use each description only once.lar COLUMN A COLUMN B i) Plasmodium falciparum a) Toxic shock syndrome ii) Cryptococcus neoformans b) Dental caries c) Newbom meningitis i) Clostridium perfringens iv) Chlamydophila psyttaci d) Pseudomembranous colitis v) Clostridioides dificille c) Dysentery vi) Staphylococcus aureus ) Fungal meningitis vii) Entamoeaba histolytica 8) Surgical wound infections viii) Sireptococcus mutans h) Gas gangrene ix) StreptococcuS agalactiae i) Pneumonia acquired from birds x) Pseudomonas aeruginosa j) Malaria
- 23. Rickettsia is a gram-negative obligate intracellular parasite transmitted by arthropods. a) Trueb) FalseThe general public takes for granted the link between an infectious agent and a given infection Discuss the requirements established by Koch, the nineteenth-century German scientist, before ascertaining, for instance, that Helicobacter pylori bacterium is the cause of the gastric ulcer. Why is it so essential to meet these conditions?Match the organism in column A to the symptom/manifestation in column B that fits it most appropriately. Use cach description only once. COLUMN A i) Plasmodium falciparum COLUMN B a) Toxic shock syndrome i) Crуpiococсus neоformans ii) Clostridium perfringens iv) Chlamydophila psyttaci v) Clastridioides dificille b) Dental caries c) Newborn meningitis d) Pscudomembranous colitis e) Dysentery vi) Staphylococcus aureus f) Fungal meningitis vii) Entamoeaba histolytica g) Surgical wound infections viii) Streptococcus mutans h) Gas gangrene ix) Streptococcus agalactiae i) Pneumonia acquired from birds x) Pseudomonas aeruginosa j) Malaria
- Why does Helicobacter pylori cause ulceractions in the lining of the Stomach? 1)The microbes secrete a toxin that prevents the host from detecting invasion of the microbe and thus allows it to thrive in the stomach and damage the host cells. 2)After invasion of the microbe in the cells lining the stomach, they are no longer able to produce mucous to protect the host cells from acid erosion 3)The microbe produces an enzyme that causes the cell to produce potent digestive enzymes that erode the stomach lining. 4)Once the microbe has entered the stomach, it releases digestive enzymes that degrade the mucous secreting cells.A patient in ICU with an indwelling medical device is presenting with invasive infection symptoms, specifically fever and chills. They have been on a course of antibiotics that has not alleviated the condition. a) What type of organism do you suspect is causing the infection and why?As a result of the injury, the patient developed erysipelas on his leg. From the anamnesis it became clear that he had chronic tonsillitis. 1. What etiology should a doctor suspect? 2. What material from the patient is to be examined in the bacteriological laboratory? 3. On the basis of which laboratory diagnostic methods can establish a link between erysipelas and carriers of streptococcus in the throat? 4. On the basis of what criteria will the selected culture be identified?
- Describe the following in Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections (a) ToxigenesisThe patient was an 80-year-old female who 10 days previously had had a cystocele repair performed. At the time of the hospital admission, a urine culture was obtained and revealed >100,000 CFU/ml of an Escherichia coli strain that was susceptible to all antimicrobial agents against which it was tested. Postoperatively, she began a 7-day course of oral cephalexin. She was discharged after an uneventful postoperative course of 3 days. Ten days postoperatively, she presented with a 3-day history of diarrhea. The patient noted multiple watery, loose stools without blood, crampy abdominal pain, and vomiting. She presented with a temperature of 38.2 degrees C, pulse rate of 90/min, respiration rate of 20/min, and blood pressure of 116/53mm Hg. Her white blood cell count was normal, but a large number (53%) of immature polymorphonuclear cells were seen. Physical examination, electrolytes, liver enzymes, and lipase were all within normal limits. Cultures for Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia,…A 19-year old female presented at the ER with fever, vomiting, intense headache and stiff neck. a )List three bacterial pathogens that would most likely be the cause of these signs and symptoms. Briefly describe each pathogen. b) What treatment would you immediately start?