az + A1 dt² — dt "xn(t)" = Aest S1 = + a。x = 0 −a₁ + √√a² − 4a₂a0 2a2 n(t) = A₁e³₁t + A₂e³₂t xn(t) = ? (a₂s² + a₁s + α₁) = 0 $2 -α₁ - √a² - 4a₂ª0 242 NATURAL RESPONSE, Xn Alest+A₂est (A₁+A₂t)e (A₁ cos wat+A₂ sin wat)e¯¤t

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Question
The complete response is the sum of the natural response and the forced response
X = Xn+Xf
Natural response of a first-order circuit
Natural response of a second-order circuit
CASE
Overdamped
Critically damped
Underdamped
az
S1 =
FORCING FUNCTION
K
Kt
K₁²
K sin cot
Ke at
Forced response of a first-order, or a second-order circuit
+ A₁
NATURAL FREQUENCIES
$1,52 = -α± √√² - 0²
$1,$₂=-α
S1, S2 = -x±j√√/0²-a² -α±jood
dx
dt
d²x
dt²
Solution of the Second-Order Differential Equation
d²x
x(t) = xn(t) + xf (t)
a2
dt²
+ a。x = f(t)
+ A1
dx
dt
"xn(t)" = Aest
Xn(t) = Ke-t/t
+ a。x = 0
-a₁ + √²-4a₂a0
242
-
Xn(t) = A₁e³₁ª + A₂e³₂t
ASSUMED RESPONSE
A
At + B
At² +Bt+C
A sin cot + B cos cot
Ae-at
NATURAL RESPONSE, Xn
Ale+Azer
(A₁+A₂t)e-at
(A, cos coat+A₂ sin coat)e
xn(t) = ?
(a₂s² + a₁s+ao) = 0
-α₁ - √²-4a₂a0
242
NATURAL RESPONSE, Xn
A₁ est + A₂e21
-α1
(A₁+A₂t)e
(A₁ cos wat+A₂ sin wat)ext
Transcribed Image Text:The complete response is the sum of the natural response and the forced response X = Xn+Xf Natural response of a first-order circuit Natural response of a second-order circuit CASE Overdamped Critically damped Underdamped az S1 = FORCING FUNCTION K Kt K₁² K sin cot Ke at Forced response of a first-order, or a second-order circuit + A₁ NATURAL FREQUENCIES $1,52 = -α± √√² - 0² $1,$₂=-α S1, S2 = -x±j√√/0²-a² -α±jood dx dt d²x dt² Solution of the Second-Order Differential Equation d²x x(t) = xn(t) + xf (t) a2 dt² + a。x = f(t) + A1 dx dt "xn(t)" = Aest Xn(t) = Ke-t/t + a。x = 0 -a₁ + √²-4a₂a0 242 - Xn(t) = A₁e³₁ª + A₂e³₂t ASSUMED RESPONSE A At + B At² +Bt+C A sin cot + B cos cot Ae-at NATURAL RESPONSE, Xn Ale+Azer (A₁+A₂t)e-at (A, cos coat+A₂ sin coat)e xn(t) = ? (a₂s² + a₁s+ao) = 0 -α₁ - √²-4a₂a0 242 NATURAL RESPONSE, Xn A₁ est + A₂e21 -α1 (A₁+A₂t)e (A₁ cos wat+A₂ sin wat)ext
• Problem 2. Please solve the following circuit problems, as directed in the questions.
(a) The current i(t) of the current source is shown in the figure (a).
i(t)
+
i(t) (
84
3H v(t) 4A
0
(a) Circuit A
■
Vin m
Brief catalog of the Operational Amplifier circuits
(Based on the ideal operational amplifier)
R₁
V10M
(a) Inverting amplifier
R₁
U₂0-M
-M
R₁
Un m
R₁
R₁
Ovout= R₁
www
R₁
R₁ R₁
R₂2+
Vout=₁1+1
Vout
R₁
Vin
(d) Summing amplifier
(1) What is the voltage of the inductor for t>0 ?
where v(t) = 0, for t<0, and t > 8s
t(s)
8s
(2) How much is the energy stored in the capacitor for t>0?
for Energy(t = 0) = 0 J
Vin O
R₁
R₁
-out
(b) Noninverting amplifier
R₂K1
U10-W
R₂K₂
U20-W
Ra/K3
R₁
+ Vin
R1
V30-W
R₂/(1-(K₁ + K₂ + K3))
R(K4-1)
Vin
(c) Voltage follower (buffer amplifier)
R₂
Ovout Vin
Ovout K4(K₁v1 + K₂V2 + K303)
(e) Noninverting summing amplifier
Transcribed Image Text:• Problem 2. Please solve the following circuit problems, as directed in the questions. (a) The current i(t) of the current source is shown in the figure (a). i(t) + i(t) ( 84 3H v(t) 4A 0 (a) Circuit A ■ Vin m Brief catalog of the Operational Amplifier circuits (Based on the ideal operational amplifier) R₁ V10M (a) Inverting amplifier R₁ U₂0-M -M R₁ Un m R₁ R₁ Ovout= R₁ www R₁ R₁ R₁ R₂2+ Vout=₁1+1 Vout R₁ Vin (d) Summing amplifier (1) What is the voltage of the inductor for t>0 ? where v(t) = 0, for t<0, and t > 8s t(s) 8s (2) How much is the energy stored in the capacitor for t>0? for Energy(t = 0) = 0 J Vin O R₁ R₁ -out (b) Noninverting amplifier R₂K1 U10-W R₂K₂ U20-W Ra/K3 R₁ + Vin R1 V30-W R₂/(1-(K₁ + K₂ + K3)) R(K4-1) Vin (c) Voltage follower (buffer amplifier) R₂ Ovout Vin Ovout K4(K₁v1 + K₂V2 + K303) (e) Noninverting summing amplifier
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