At first glance, the research reported in the Washington Post article Why We've Been Hugely Underestimating the Overfishing of the Oceans may appear to be only bad news for the world's stock of fish. However, researchers believe that their discovery of how much overfishing has been underestimated could also be good news. Determine whether each statement should be considered good news or bad news based on the information in the article.
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- 1. Consider the following conversation.CHAD: “None of the COVID-19 vaccines in Canada has full Health Canadaapproval, and if you get injured from the vaccines, then the pharmaceutical companiesare not liable. Furthermore, the vaccines do not prevent against the spread ofcoronavirus, though they may reduce symptoms. However, their efficacy wanes aftera few months.”VIRGO: “Vaccines have helped humanity to conquer diseases like tetanus andsmallpox. Why are you saying that vaccines don’t help at all?”Which logical fallacy does Virgo commit?(A) Argument from authority.(B) Ad Hominem.(C) Post Hoc Ergo Procter Hoc.(D) Straw Man.Two firms each currently dump 20 tons of pollution a piece into a local river. The government wants to reduce the amount of pollution in the river so they issue 5 permits to each firm. The cost for firm A to reduce their pollution by 1 ton is $1000 and the cost for firm B to reduce their pollution by 1 ton is $800. When answering the questions below simply enter the number for your answer do not write a full sentence. Question 1 If trade is NOT allowed what will be the cost of reducing pollution will be for firm A. total. for firm B, and inASAP
- Companies often choose to build plants compliant with stricter environmental standards when they locate in low-income countries with lax environmental standards. This is because Select the correct answer below: they want to improve the living conditions of people living in these countries designing an industrial plant is a complex and costly task, and so if a plant O works well in a high-income country, companies prefer to use the same design everywhere they want to show local companies that the environmental issues caused by production should be taken seriously and dealt with appropriately they want to have a better record of compliance with environmental laws than do locally-owned plants.Some companies use this as an umbrella term to encompass all CSR efforts that make business more sustainable in the long term, including environmental efforts: O bottom-line O ethics O philanthropic O sustainabilityTwo countries the US (U) and Fiji (F). Each country i E {U, F} can decide whether to impose a positive tax on the emissions of its polluting firms (t;> 0) or to impose no tax (t; = 0). We can think of a representative firm that chooses whether to produce using a polluting technology (q=P) or a | clean technology (q = C). The polluting technology generates profits of л(P) = 11. The clean technology generates profits of л(P) = 10 and doesn't have to pay tax. Assume that when the firm is indifferent between the two technologies, it chooses the clean technology. Imposing a tax of t = 1, profits of firms using polluting technology would equal profits of firms using clean technology. Let us now turn to the decisions that the governments would make if they were inde- pendently choosing whether to impose a tax or not. In the US, firms using the clean technology emit a total of 0 tonnes of CO2 emissions, while firms using the polluting technology emit a total of 900 tonnes of CO2 emissions. In…
- Scenario: Alex, an entrepreneur, operates a called business "Fitness for Life", providing physical conditioning services (strength, balance, and flexibility training) in his community. Which of the following are the THREE factors that are most likely to have positive impacts on his business? Select ONLY THREE from the given factors. O People in his community have become more health-conscious. O The average education level of the population in his community is low. The average age of the population in his community is high. The local school district has been running a publicity campaign emphasizing the value of exercise. The level of disposable income in his community is low. O The level of unemployment in his community is high. O The mayor of the city where Alex operates is an amateur marathon runner and has stressed the need for "going green" in the community. DA chiropractor and two independent physical therapists are located in his community. O O O OIn what ways (it) company investments in research and development create positive externalities?A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
- Consider the case of global environmental problems that spill across international borders as a prisoners dilemma of the sort studied in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly. Say that there are two countries, A and B. Each country can cheese whether to protect the environment, at a cost of 10, or not to protect it, at a cost of zero. If one country decides to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 16, but the benefit is divided equally between the two countries. If both countries decide to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 32, which is divided equally between the two centuries. In Table 12.10, fill in the costs, benefits, and total payoffs to the countries of the following decisions. Explain why, without some international agreement, they are likely to end up with neither country acting to protect the environment.In the Land of Purity, there is only one form of pollution, called gunk. Table 12.14 shows possible combinations of economic output and reduction of gunk, depending on what kinds of environmental regulations you choose. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the percentage reduction of gunk, and with the quantity of economic output on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between K and L, can you say which one is better and why? In the choice between K. and N, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is move likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice L or M? Why?Imagine a scenic canyon, visited by many local people as well as tourists from beyondthe local area. Consider a scenario in which a mining company has proposed to the localauthority that it be closed to the public and put into the production of coal. Thinking interms of economics as a way of adjudicating the relative value of one use of the canyon overthe other, what would you need to know in order to make a comparison or assessment?What kinds of quantitative data would inform your decision, and where might they comefrom? What kinds of things might you need to know that are hard to measure? Once youhave listed the kinds of information and data that might be available to inform this decision, do you think it would be sufficient to making this decision, why or why not?