At 660°C the fractional concentration of vacancies in aluminum is 9 × 10-5. The energy for vacancy formation is therefore: a. 0.72 eV b. 1.44 eV c. 0.79 eV d. 0.75 eV e. 0.68 eV

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Crystalline Imperfections

The crystalline imperfections are described as the geometrical defects in the crystal due to incorrect arrangement of atoms, impurity, vacancy, and many more. It is not possible to achieve a perfect or ideal crystal, practically.