Assume that the molecular clock for the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in Drosophila ticks at a rate of 5 X 10-⁹ substitutions per bp per year. On a volcanic island you find two species of Drosophila, descended from one species that colonized the island sometime after it first rose out of the ocean. You sequence the Adh genes of the two species and find they show 5 synonymous substitutions in 1,000 bp. 2A. What is the rate of divergence between these 2 species of Drosophila? (Hint: Recall that substitutions are happening in both species.) 2B. How long ago did the two species diverge? 2C. How old is the island? Hint: you cannot give an exact age.

Q: The figure below shows RNA-Seq data (RED) for the D. melanogaster transformer (tra) gene obtained…

A: DNA is made up of nucleotides. DNA consists of exons which are the coding sequences and introns…

Q: for the P53 Gene, pick an exon and design two set of primers for a region that is at most 600 bp.…

A: Polymerase chain reaction or PCR is the process that is used to make multiple copies of DNA. PCR is…

Q: design an experiment to use these DNA sequences to distinguish between these two hypotheses.

A: Ans) Before designing this experiment we need to know the hypothesis given by Mendel who had done…

Q: Starting with a population of genetically identical mice, you discover two new independent mutant…

A: The correct option is C i.e, the same gene, but not necessarily the same DNA base position.…

Q: Describe the difference between Sanger based sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Why is…

A: Step 1 Sequencing is the establishment of the primary structure of an unbranched polymer. Sequencing…

Q: Most organisms display a circadian rhythm, a cycling of biological processes that is roughly…

A: The natural and internal cycle that regulates the sleep-wake cycle is known as circadian rhythm. It…

Q: In your opinion, is antibiotic use at farm sites promote the development and spread of antibiotic…

A: ARGs stands for antibiotic resistance genes, which are genes that encode proteins or enzymes that…

Q: How can you develop a simple molecular test to identify the genetic disorder? (b) If you have…

A: Genetic disorder is a health problem that is caused by abnormalities in a genome by small mutation.…

Q: Choose the most likely answer

A: (A) The results were an artifact, because environmental conditions were not taken into…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.