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- The human retina has three types of receptor cones, eachsensitive to a different range of wavelengths of visible light,as shown in this figure (the colors are merely to differentiatethe three curves from one another; they do not indicate theactual colors represented by each curve):(a) Estimate the energies of photons with wavelengths at themaximum for each type of cone. (b) The color of the sky is dueto scattering of solar light by the molecules of the atmosphere.Lord Rayleigh was one of the first to study scattering of thiskind. He showed that the amount of scattering for very smallparticles such as molecules is inversely proportional to thefourth power of the wavelength. Estimate the ratio of the scatteringefficiency of light at the wavelength of the maximumfor the “blue” cones, as compared with that for the “green”cones. (c) Explain why the sky appears blue even though allwavelengths of solar light are scattered by the atmosphereIn what order does the sound pass the following parts? oval windowear canalthe stirrupeardrumround the windowthe cityhair cellthe hammerEnter the numbers in the correct orderSince the visual images areprojected in an invertedmanner on the retina whydon't we see things upsidedown?
- Very short pulses of high-intensity laserbeams are used to repair detached portions of the retina of the eye. Thebrief pulses of energy absorbed by the retina weld the detached portionsback into place. In one such procedure, a laser beam has a wavelengthof 810 nm and delivers 250 mW of power spread over a circularspot 510 mm in diameter. The vitreous humor (the transparent fluid thatfills most of the eye) has an index of refraction of 1.34. If the laser pulses are each 1.50 ms long, how much energy is delivered to the retina with each pulse?3- 6- (a) Microscopic structuro of rotina 11 Chorold Sckera 450x (b) Pholomicrograph of retina vpuoa jo kupuanu 'oy pags aunoA genetic abnormality leaves a person unable to perceive light with a wavelength less than 450 nm. What type of structure is likely been effected? O rod O blue cone O red cone O all of the above
- A sound wave is transmitted into the body and interacts in liver tissue and then in muscle tissue. It hits these boundaries with a perpendicular incidence. Will there be reflection? Does Doppler shift measure speed? Are the crystals in phased array transducers fired simultaneously? What device stores the image for display?The basilar membrane is the thin membranethat extends from the central core of the cochlea to theedge. What is anchored to this membrane so that they canbe activated by movement of the fluids within the cochlea?Photoreceptors present in this structure are sensitive to light O a. Structure E Ob. Structure B Oc. Structure C d. Structure I K
- Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.11 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second). The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.11 Effects of age and occupational noise exposure on hearing. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities (in decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-old carpenter (blue), a 50-year-old carpenter (red), and a 50-year-old who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). Which sound frequency was most easily detected by all three people?Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.11 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second). The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.11 Effects of age and occupational noise exposure on hearing. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities (in decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-old carpenter (blue), a 50-year-old carpenter (red), and a 50-year-old who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). How loud did a 1,000-hertz sound have to be for the 50-year-old carpenter to detect it?Which type of channel underlies sound transduction? Mechanically-gated Na channels O Mechanically-gated K channels Photosensitive Ca channels O Ligand-gated Na channels Ligand-gated K channels
