As the very first rudiment of climatology, estimate the temperature of Earth. Assume it is a perfect sphere and its temperature is uniform. Ignore the greenhouse effect. Thermal radiation from the Sun has an intensity (the “solar constant” S) of about 1370 W/m2 at the radius of Earth’s orbit. (a) Assuming the Sun’s rays are parallel, what area must S be multiplied by to get the total radiation intercepted by Earth? It will be easiest to answer in terms of Earth’s radius, R.

Q: The average temperature of the atmosphere has increased by 0.4°C over the last thirty years.…

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Q: A naked person whose body has a surface area of 1.40 m2 with an emissivity of 0.85 has a skin…

A: Given,  Surface Area, A = 1.40 m2 Emissivity, e =  0.85  Skin temperature, T = 37°C = 310 K  Room…

Q: The radiation energy (intensity of the radiation) reaching Earth from the sun at the top of the…

A: Concept used: Equilibrium temperature of earth depends on amount of heat energy absorbed and…

Q: A lizard of mass 5.60 g is warming itself in the bright sunlight. It casts a shadow of 1.60 cm2 on a…

A: Given: mass of the Lizard m = 5.60 g area of the lizard shadow means lizards area A = 1.60 cm2 = 1.6…

Q: body whose surface area is 0.2 m2, emissivity is 0.8, and temperature is 100°C is placed in a large,…

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Q: A person of surface area 1.80 m2 is lying  in the sunlight to get a tan. If the intensity of the…

A: The objective of the question is to find out the rate at which heat must be lost by the person in…

Q: The amount of radiant energy emitted by a surface is given by q = ɛ0 AT+ where q represents the rate…

A: Dimensional Analysis Dimensional Analysis is a method of studying the dimensions of complex physical…

Q: Consider a 280-m2 black roof on a night when the roof’s temperature is 30.5°C and the surrounding…

A: Given data, Area A=280 m2 Roof temperature Tr=30.5 °C=303.5 K Surrounding temperature Ts=14.5…

Q: A2.1-m-long, 0.2-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room that is maintained at 20°C. Heat…

A: When an electric current is passed through a conductor due to the resistance heat is generated. The…

Q: The radiation energy (intensity of the radiation) reaching Earth from the sun at the top of the…

A: Given: The Radiation Intensity reaching Earth 1.36×103 Emissivity 0.8 To find: The equilibrium…

Q: The energy usage of urban buildings can be reduced by increasing the albedo of roofing materials to…

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Q: Thermography is a technique for measuring radiant heat and detecting variations in surface…

A: Step 1:Recall that the rate of heat transfer emitted by a surface is defined as…

Q: The average temperature of the atmosphere has increased by 0.4°C over the last thirty years.…

A:

Q: A person is standing outdoors in the shade where the temperature is 21 °C. (a) What is the radiant…

A: Stefan-Boltzmann law: States that the total energy per second radiated or observed by a black body…

Q: You are trying to measure the outside temperature at a particular time. If you use three…

A: The thermometer bulb will absorb solar radiation. As a result, direct exposure to sunlight results…

Q: The intensity of solar radiation reaching the Earth is 1,340 W/m2. If the sun has a radius of 7.000…

A: This question is based on thermal properties of matter topic. We need to know about Stephan…

Q: Heat from the Sun is incident on a leaf that is horizontal to the radiation. The power per unit area…

A: (a) The relation of the power from the Sun absorbed by the leaf is Pl=radiant flux×area×75100…

Q: Engineering Application - A device called an insolation meter is used to measure the intensity of…

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Q: The energy reaching Earth from the Sun at the top of the atmosphere is 1.36 x10^3 W/m2 , called the…

A: According to  Stefan Boltzmann lawE=eσT4WhereE=the amount of radiation emitted per unit time per…

Q: A. The planet Venus is different from the earth in several respects: (a) it is only 70 % as far from…

A: A. Given,The planet is 70% as far from the sun, the solar constant σs is 2800 W/m2.The cloud…

Q: A person is standing outdoors in the shade where the temperature is 20 °C. (a) What is the radiant…

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Q: The Sun has a diameter of approximately 1.4 x 109 m and a surface temperature of about 5650 C.…

A:

Q: The radiation energy (intensity of the radiation) reaching Earth from the sun at the top of the…

A: Assume R to be the radius of the Earth. The total energy E absorbed by the Earth due to the solar…

Q: Suppose you walk into a sauna that has an ambient temperature of 65.0°C. (a) Calculate the rate of…

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Q: What is the rate of heat transfer by radiation from the skin of a person standing in a dark room…

A: Given that the value of ambient temperature and surface area and emissivity of skin and temperature…

Q: If the body’s surface temperature is 35 degrees Celsius, what is the net rate of heat loss on a…

A: Using Stefan‒Boltzmann law in the form : P = εσA [ T₂ ⁴ ‒ T₁ ⁴ ]     -(1)   here ε = 0.97…

Q: Heat is being transferred from the bottom of a saucepan of soup, to the top. Once convection begins,…

A:

Q: You heat up a piece of hot metal with an emissivity of 0.1 until it glows. If the temperature of the…

A: Given data:  Emissivity (e) = 0.1 Temperature (T) = 3000 K Surface Area (A) = 0.1 m2 Required: The…

Q: An incandescent light bulb with a surface area of 0.0128 m2 and an emissivity of 0.87 has a surface…

A: Given: The surface area of the bulb is 0.0128 m2. The emissivity is 0.87. The surface temperature of…

Q: One half of a kilogram of liquid water at 273 K (0°C) is placed outside on a day when the…

A:

Q: A person is standing outdoors in the shade where the temperature is 33 °C. What is the radiant…

A: Solution       Given T = 33°                  e = 0.85

Q: Consider a 260-m2 black roof on a night when the roof’s temperature is 27.5°C and the surrounding…

A: The rate at which heat radiates is calculated by using the formula P=σeATs4-T4 , where σ=5.67×10-8…

Maxwell speed distribution

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution or commonly known as Maxwell speed distribution, explains the division of the energy levels of the molecules of an ideal gas on the basis of the statistical theory. In 1859, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell established the context for the distribution of molecular velocities for random molecules moving in a closed environment. This theory was generalized in 1871 by German physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. He improvised the theory to express the distribution of energy levels among different molecules.