As part of its cost control program, Tracer Company uses a standard costing system for all manufactured items. The standard cost for each item is established at the beginning of the fiscal year, and the standards are not revised until the beginning of the next fiscal year. Changes in costs, caused during the year by changes in direct materials or direct labor inputs or by changes in the manufacturing process, are recognized as they occur by the inclusion of planned variances in Tracer's monthly operating budgets. The following direct labor standard was established for one of Tracer's products, effective June 1, 2012, the beginning of the fiscal year: Assembler A labor (5 hrs @ $10) $50 Assembler B labor (3 hrs @$11) 33 Machinist labor (2 hrs @$15) 30 Standard cost per 100 units $113 The standard was based on the direct labor being performed by a team consisting of five persons with Assembler A skills, three persons with Assembler B skills, and two persons with machinist skills; this team represents the most efficient use of the company's skilled employees. The standard also assumed that the quality of direct materials that had been used in prior years would be available for the coming year. For the first seven months of the fiscal year, actual manufacturing costs at Tracer have been within the standards established. However, the company has received a significant increase in orders, and there is an insufficient number of skilled workers to meet the increased production. Therefore, beginning in January, the production teams will consist of eight persons with Assembler A skills, one person with Assembler B skills, and one person with machinist skills. The reorganized teams will work more slowly than the normal teams, and as a result, only 80 units will be produced in the same time period in which 100 units would normally be produced. Faulty work has never been a cause for units to be rejected in the final inspection process, and it is not expected to be a cause for rejection with the reorganized teams. Furthermore, Tracer has been notified by its direct materials supplier that lower-quality direct materials will be supplied beginning January 1. Normally, one unit of direct materials is required for each good unit produced, and no units are lost due to defective direct materials. Tracer estimates that 6 percent of the units manufactured after January 1 will be rejected in the final inspection process due to defective direct materials. Required: 1. Determine the number of units of lower quality direct materials that Tracer Company must enter into production in order to produce 47,000 good finished units. 2. How many hours of each class of direct labor must be used to manufacture 47,000 good finished units? 3. Determine the amount that should be included in Tracer's January operating budget for the planned direct labor variance caused by the reorganization of the direct labor teams and the lower quality direct materials. (CMA adapted)
Variance Analysis
In layman's terms, variance analysis is an analysis of a difference between planned and actual behavior. Variance analysis is mainly used by the companies to maintain a control over a business. After analyzing differences, companies find the reasons for the variance so that the necessary steps should be taken to correct that variance.
Standard Costing
The standard cost system is the expected cost per unit product manufactured and it helps in estimating the deviations and controlling them as well as fixing the selling price of the product. For example, it helps to plan the cost for the coming year on the various expenses.
As part of its cost control program, Tracer Company
uses a
items. The standard cost for each item is established at
the beginning of the fiscal year, and the standards are not revised until the
beginning of the next fiscal year. Changes in costs, caused during the year by
changes in direct materials or direct labor inputs or by changes in the
manufacturing process, are recognized as they occur by the inclusion of
planned variances in Tracer's monthly operating budgets.
The following direct labor standard was established for one of Tracer's
products, effective June 1, 2012, the beginning of the fiscal year:
Assembler A labor (5 hrs @ $10) $50
Assembler B labor (3 hrs @$11) 33
Machinist labor (2 hrs @$15) 30
Standard cost per 100 units $113
The standard was based on the direct labor being performed by a team
consisting of five persons with Assembler A skills, three persons with
Assembler B skills, and two persons with machinist skills; this team represents the most efficient use of the company's skilled employees. The standard also assumed that the quality of direct materials that had been used in prior years would be available for the coming year.
For the first seven months of the fiscal year, actual
Tracer have been within the standards established. However, the company
has received a significant increase in orders, and there is an insufficient
number of skilled workers to meet the increased production. Therefore,
beginning in January, the production teams will consist of eight persons with Assembler A skills, one person with Assembler B skills, and one person with machinist skills. The reorganized teams will work more slowly than the normal teams, and as a result, only 80 units will be produced in the same time period in which 100 units would normally be produced. Faulty work has never been a cause for units to be rejected in the final inspection process, and it is not expected to be a cause for rejection with the reorganized teams.
Furthermore, Tracer has been notified by its direct materials supplier that
lower-quality direct materials will be supplied beginning January 1. Normally, one unit of direct materials is required for each good unit produced, and no units are lost due to defective direct materials. Tracer estimates that 6 percent of the units manufactured after January 1 will be rejected in the final inspection process due to defective direct materials.
Required:
1. Determine the number of units of lower quality direct materials that Tracer Company must enter into production in order to produce 47,000 good finished units.
2. How many hours of each class of direct labor must be used to manufacture 47,000 good finished units?
3. Determine the amount that should be included in Tracer's January operating budget for the planned direct labor variance caused by the reorganization of the direct labor teams and the lower quality direct materials. (CMA adapted)
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