Are fern spores haploid or diploid? Are the spores proudced by meiosis or mitosis? Where are the spores produced?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
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Are fern spores haploid or diploid? Are the spores proudced by meiosis or mitosis? Where are the spores produced?

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Fern spores

The majority of ferns are homosporous, with spores on each plant being the same size and form, often measuring length or diameter of 30 to 50 micrometres in , while some can grow to more than 100 micrometres. However, several fern families include dimorphic spores that come in both small (microspores) and big sizes (megaspores).

Spores of fern are always haploid because upon germination, they produce haploid gametophytes.

The spores of ferns do not develop into leafy sporophytes. They don't resemble flowering plant seeds in any way. They instead create a haploid generation. A haploid plant has one set of chromosomes, or half the genetic complement, in each cell.

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