and the inactivation of genes. 19- Cancer is often the result of activation of A) oncogenes, proto-oncogenes B) proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes C) oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes D) proto-suppressor genes, oncogenes 20- About 50% of all human cancers may involve an abnormal or missing A) oncogene. B) proto-oncogene. C) p53 gene. D) BRCA-1 gene. 21- In blue-white screening, what do blue colonies represent? a- cells that have not taken up the plasmid vector b- cells with recombinant plasmids containing new insert c- cells containing empty plasmid vector d- cells with a non-functional lacZ gene

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Animal Phylogeny

Cladistics is a method of biological classification where organisms are classified based on their ancestors and their relationship with them. It is defined as the concepts and methods for determining the branching patterns of evolution and evolutionary history. Some scientists, however, have preferred the term phylogenetic systematics or phylogenetic taxonomy to emphasize the reliance on a phylogeny for classification. It is the most common and accepted method for classifying organisms.