An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of 1.................. on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally 2. …………… The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a
microchip) is a set of 1.................. on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material,
normally 2. ……………
The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are
orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and faster than those constructed of discrete electronic
components. The IC's mass production 3. ………….., reliability and building-block approach to
circuit design has ensured the rapid 4…………. of standardized ICs in place of designs using
discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have
revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home
appliances are now 5. ………….. parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the
small size and low cost of ICs.
Integrated circuits were made practical by mid-20th-century technology 6. ……………. in
semiconductor device fabrication. Since their origins in the 1960s, the size, speed, and capacity
of chips have progressed enormously, driven by technical advances that fit more and more
transistors on chips of the same size - a modern chip may have several billion transistors in an
area the size of a human fingernail. These advances, roughly following Moore's law, make
computer chips of today possess millions of times the capacity and thousands of times the speed
of the computer chips of the early 1970s.
ICs have two main advantages over 7................. ……….: cost and performance. Cost is low
because the chips, with all their components, are 8. ……… as a unit by photolithography rather
than being 9. ………. one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material
than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components 10. ………. quickly and
consume comparatively little power because of their small size and close 11. ………….. The
main disadvantage of ICs is the high cost to design them and fabricate the required
12. …………... This high initial cost means ICs are only practical when high production volumes
are 13 …………....
Advances in IC technology, primarily smaller features and larger chips, have allowed the number
of transistors in an integrated circuit to double every two years. This increased capacity has been
2
used to decrease 14. ……… and increase functionality. In general, as the feature size shrinks,
almost every aspect of an IC's operation improves. The cost per transistor and the switching
power consumption per transistor go down, while the memory capacity and speed go up. Because
speed, capacity, and power 15…………… gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce
16. …………. among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. Over the years, transistor sizes
have decreased from 10s of microns in the early 1970s to 10 nanometers in 2017. As of 2016,
typical chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 600 mm 2 , with up to 25 million
transistors per mm 2 .
Initially, ICs were strictly electronic devices. The success of ICs has led to the integration of
other technologies, in the attempt to obtain the same advantages of small size and low cost. These
technologies include
using:adoption, advancements, anticipated, capability, competition, constructed, consumption, cost,
discrete circuits, electronic circuits, inextricable, photomasks, printed, proximity, silicon, switch,
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